Disorder increase

If overall disorder increases during a reaction, AS is positive where overall disorder decreases. AS is negative. 

Figure 14a. Although our values are not in quantitative agreement with the experimental values (see Ref. 50 for a discussion), they faithfully reproduce the well-known observation that the disorder increases from the tops of the chains toward the middle of the bilayer, with a more pronounced increase in the last few carbons of the chain. The. S cd represent different types of disorder, including chain conformational defects and whole molecule wobbling [67].

That is, S —> 0 as T - 0. The perfect crystal part of this statement of the third law refers to a substance in which all the atoms are in a perfectly orderly array, and so there is no positional disorder. The T— 0 part of the statement implies the absence of thermal motion-—thermal disorder vanishes as the temperature approaches zero. As the temperature of a substance is raised from zero, more orientations become available to the molecules and their thermal disorder increases. Thus we can expect the entropy of any substance to he greater than zero above T = 0. 

Answer (a) C02(g) at 1 bar, because disorder increases with volume (b) He(g) at 100°C, because disorder increases with temperature (c) Br2(g), because the vapor state has greater disorder than the liquid state.]... 

It is, however, possible—apparently in disagreement with the second law of thermodynamics—that order can be formed from disorder in a system, for example by means of self-organization processes in many cases, these have been observed experimentally. This order, however, is formed at the expense of an increase in disorder outside the system under observation order is pumped out of the system which is striving to reach an ordered state. Thus, disorder increases outside the system, and the second law is still valid. 

Temperature effects on solubility products are readily assessed as most solubility reactions are clearly seen as endothermic and disorder increasing. Raising the temperature will thus increase Ksp together with the solubility of the solid. 

The second law of thermodynamics says a process occurs spontaneously only when the concomitant energetic disorder increases. We can usually approximate, and talk in terms of disorder alone. 

As a new criterion for reaction spontaneity, we say AS(totai) must be positive. We must consider the surroundings if we are to understand how the overall extent of energetic disorder increases during a process. 

As a final point, we note that typical surfaces are usually not crystalline but instead are covered by amorphous layers. These layers are much rougher at the atomic scale than the model crystalline surfaces that one would typically use for computational convenience or for fundamental research. The additional roughness at the microscopic level from disorder increases the friction between surfaces considerably, even when they are separated by a boundary lubricant.15 Flowever, no systematic studies have been performed to explore the effect of roughness on boundary-lubricated systems, and only a few attempts have been made to investigate dissipation mechanisms in the amorphous layers under sliding conditions from an atomistic point of view. 

Simple thermodynamic considerations state that the reduction process is favoured (i.e. more positive cu(ii)/cu(p potential values are obtained) if the electron transfer is exothermic (AH° negative) and if the molecular disorder increases (AS° positive). It is therefore evident that the positive potential value for the reduction of azurin (as well as that of the most blue copper proteins) is favoured by the enthalpic factor. This means that the metal-to-ligand interactions inside the first coordination sphere (which favour the stability of the reduced form over the oxidized form) prevail over the metal complex-to-solvent interactions inside the second... 

Recurrence risks for multifactorial disorders increase if the affected individual has a more severe expression of the disease. Again, this reflects the fact that the individual and his or her relatives are located higher on the liability distribution. 

It is remarkable that this ordering phenomenon appears if we consider the evolution of the process as a movie, looking for regularities in the sequence of pictures. The temporal ordering is compatible with Boltzmann s interpretation of the second law according to which spatial disorder increases with time. In a sense, the temporal ordering is possible at the expense of spatial disorder. 

Acute abdominal conditions Narcotics may obscure diagnosis or clinical course. Do not give SR morphine to patients with Gl obstruction, particularly paralytic ileus, as there is a risk of the product remaining in the stomach for an extended period and the subsequent release of a bolus of morphine when normal gut motility is restored. Special risk patients Exercise caution in elderly and debilitated patients and in those suffering from conditions accompanied by hypoxia or hypercapnia when even moderate therapeutic doses may dangerously decrease pulmonary ventilation. Also exercise caution in patients sensitive to CNS depressants, including those with cardiovascular disease myxedema convulsive disorders increased ocular pressure acute alcoholism delirium tremens cerebral arteriosclerosis ulcerative... 

Entropy is a thermodynamic quantity that is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system. When a crystalline structure breaks down and a less ordered liquid structure results, entropy increases. For example, the entropy (disorder) increases when ice melts to water. The total entropy of a system and its surroundings always increases for a spontaneous process. The standard entropies, S° are entropy values for the standard states of substances. 

Seizures Unknown, occurs in 0.1% to 4% of patients on TCA Seizures Use with care in patients with known seizure disorder Increase anticonvulsant levels for continued control Rosenstein et al., 1993... 

A complete medical history and physical examination by a pediatrician or primary care provider should have been completed since the onset of symptoms or within the past year. Chronic medical illnesses such as asthma, cancer, diabetes mellitus, and neurologic disorders increase the risk for psychiatric disorders, par-... 

The dissolution of a solute in a solvent has associated with it a free-energy change, AG = AH — TAS. The enthalpy change is the heat of solution (AHsoin), and the entropy change is the entropy of solution (ASsoin). Heats of solution can be either positive or negative, depending on the relative strengths of solvent-solvent, solute-solute, and solvent-solute intermolecular forces. Entropies of solution are usually positive because disorder increases when a pure solute dissolves in a pure solvent. 

At low temperatures, rj will be unity because all of the Cu atoms will be localized on A sites. 1 But the degree of disorder increases as the temperature increases until the Cu and Zn atoms are mixed randomly on the two sublattices and 77 = 0. This process, called a positional (order + disorder) transition, is often described as a cooperative phenomenon because it becomes easier to produce additional disorder once some disorder is generated. In the vicinity of a critical temperature, the order parameter rj behaves like the density difference (pi — pg) near the gas-liquid critical point. Thus,... 

Peroxisomal disorders Increased Decreased Beneficial (Martinez et al., 2000)... 

Interactions with other drugs have been less closely studied, but anecdotal reports suggest that lithium, a drug used to stabilize mood in people with manic depression or bipolar disorder, increases the response to LSD. 

G decreases for a spontaneous process, like the energy of a mechanical system. Since AG incorporates both driving forces for spontaneity—enthalpy (energy) decrease and entropy (disorder) increase—an endothermic process may be spontaneous if the increase in disorder is big enough to counteract the unfavorable enthalpy change, and a process that leads to increased order (negative AS) may be spontaneous if the process is sufficiently exothermic (negative AH). 

Liver enzyme induction cies occurring in patients with mood disorders). Increased liver enzyme activity due to chronic use of... 

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