National borders

Simply producing reference materials is not enough they have to be used properly. Chapter 7 reviewed the proper use of RMs, but unless RMs and CRMs can be easily obtained and moved from one country to another without delays, duty or unnecessary controls, their use will be inhibited. Likewise, information about the materials that are available, their use, and their application should be freely available if analysts are to make informed decisions about the selection and use of a RM or CRM. It has already been made clear in previous Chapters that the correct choice of reference material for a particular application requires not only information about the RM, which is relatively easily available, but also information about the uses and applications of the reference material. Unfortunately, neither the availability of information about the reference materials and their uses nor their free movement across national borders are at all satisfactory. 

Most of the difficulties occur when reference materials cross national borders and, as a result of specific national or international regulations, are in some way impeded. Generally the impediments include questions involving tariff numbers and customs duty coupled with environmental and health and shipping regulations. Many times, these questions arise because reference materials are shipped in small quantities and not used directly in commerce. 

None of the solutions mentioned in the above lines will be forthcoming from any invisible hand , nor can it be decided by one state as a corrective measure against market failures, because national authorities lack the capacity to impose regulations beyond their national borders. The way forward should be along the lines of an international agreement between countries, promoted and guaranteed by international bodies such as the WHO and the World Trade Organization (WTO). 

Ilgner s was the plan to pressure the Reich s foreign policy into alliance with Farben. His was the plan to make of the Wehrmacht an affiliate of I.G. Farben, to support border clashes, to change the subtle kiss-of-death tactics in Austria to the direct threat across national borders. If the victim did not yield his chemical state, the invading Wehrmacht would take it — a threat that was empty until, by Ilgner s plan, the directors forced the generals themselves to go along. 

A significant amount of lead emitted in a country is transported beyond the national borders contributing to the trans-boundary transport. In 2002 as much as 4.8 kt (around 60% of total anthropogenic emission) of atmospheric lead, emitted in Europe were involved in transport across state borders. Absolute magnitudes of lead transported outside countries vary substantially from country to country. It was calculated as difference between national emission and deposition to the country. This magnitude depends on national emission, size of the territory, climatic conditions and spatial distribution of emission sources within the country. 

Each country is not only a receptor but also a source of the trans-boundary transport. As much as 153 t (60% of anthropogenic emission in Europe) of cadmium, emitted in Europe, leaves the territory of the counties and is involved in the long-range transport. The highest absolute value—30 t/yr—of cadmium transported across national borders was obtained for Poland. The significant exporters of cadmium are Spain, the Russian Federation, Romania and Italy. Nearly 40 t of cadmium is transported outside the European Union. Besides, only nine countries control more than 75% of cadmium trans-boundary transport. 

In the early years of the 21st century, we have witnessed the spread of diseases quickly from one country to another, whether via human beings in the case of SARS, or through migrating livestock as evidenced by the proliferation of avian influenza across national borders in addition to the cases of Ebola outbreak in Africa. These situations necessitated prompt and skillful control at early stages by more than one or a few countries alone, and in concerted effort to contain the spread. 

Globalization forces a corporation to look beyond its own national border for finance, technology, raw materials, manufacturing, labor, and marketing. China and India used to have socialist isolationist economies that forbade or discouraged foreign... 

Acid deposition or, acid rain, occurs when SO2 and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) react with water, oxygen, and oxidants to form acidic compounds. It is deposited in dry form (gas, particles) or wet form (rain, snow, fog), and can be carried by wind hundreds of miles across state and national borders. Acid rain harms lakes and streams, damages trees, crops, historic buildings, and monuments. 

To understand the need for standards, the easiest method is to envision a world without them. In that world, riders change trains at every national border or even city border because different railroad track widths require different railroad cars and engines. Crossing the border is difficult if you are not from one of the two countries because there is not standard format for identification. Manufacturers make dozens or hundreds of versions of each product because of different electrical or mechanical requirements and must charge for the differences and for huge inventories. Credit cards can only be used for a single chain of stores and banks charge a lot of money to process them. And there is no telephone service across borders. The Internet is both... 

Pollution often straddles national borders (e.g., long-range transport of air pollutants [LRTAP]), rivers flowing through several countries). 

Intentionally transported across national borders in the form of chemical preparations, manufactured goods and wastes... 

Trade across regions would continue to be large, almost 30% of the total production, and even more is traded across national borders. The trends for chemical safety in the OECD study (2001) were predicted to be... 

Weather natural hazards, the environment and climate change are of concern to all of us. Especially, it is essential to understand how human activities might impact the nature. Hence, monitoring, research, and forecasting is of the outmost importance. Furthermore, climate change and pollution of the environment do not obey national borders so, international collaboration on these issues is indeed extremely important. 

The abuse of inhalants, particularly among youths, has become a health problem for many countries. Inhalant use has been reported in many areas of the world, including the United States, Canada, Mexico, Japan, Sweden, India, England, Nigeria, Australia, Denmark, South Africa, Finland, Poland, Peru, Bulgaria, Hungary, Ireland, Rhodesia, Italy, Columbia, France, Malaysia, Scotland, Brazil, Wales, Germany, Norway, Thailand, Cuba, and New Zealand. The problem of inhalant abuse is not bounded by any local or national border. 

The map of mean temperatures in January of Northrhine-Westphalia (Fig. 8) shows those areas below a mean of 0 C where a combination of frost and SO2 can lead to plant damage. Norway spruce, e.g., can tolerate winter temperatures of about — 40°C in healthy conditions, but — 10 C might be too much for a plant weakened by preceding or corresponding pollution impact. Forests close to the national borders of distribution are obviously especially endangered. 

Also, the rapid modernization and intensification of agricultural production in all parts of the world has meant that concerns about the impact of specific pesticides on birds extend beyond national borders. The same toxic pesticide can affect a bird species on its North American breeding grounds as well as on its Latin American wintering and migratory staging grounds. 

The scope of the ASI fits the definition of NATO Priority Research Topics as Environmental Security that can be defined as the relative public safety from environmental dangers caused by natural or human processes due to ignorance, accident, mismanagement or design and originating within or across national borders. From this standpoint, the objectives of Green Chemistry are indeed aimed to minimize the environmental concerns caused, inter alia, by many human activities. 

Many nations have established such kind of airborne surveillance and also dense networks of international co-operations, since oil spills are not restricted to national borders. One example is the Bonn agreement of 1983, establishing a trans-border observation between the North-Sea adjacent states (see http //www.bonnagreement.org/). 

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