National and international standards

It will be obvious that the scope of these sets of standard methods is somewhat limited, dealing as they do with only the most common constituents of detergent products. Some of the methods are, however, applicable to a wider range of materials than those specified. The existing 

British and International Standards and ASTM methods will by no means satisfy all the needs of the surfactants analyst, but it is recommended that their methods should be used wherever they are appropriate to the sample under examination and the information required. 

ISO 8212 1986 (E). Soaps and detergents— Techniques of sampling during manufacture. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. 

The introduction of a new technology is very much eased if the same norms and standards are applicable in all the markets of interest. In the past, differences in norms and standards have cost the consumers large sums of money (for example, in connection with video recorders and their tape media), and particularly in the automotive market, there are still no world-covering rules allowing an unmodified model to be sold everywhere. 

In order to minimise the problem of introducing hydrogen vehicles, international norms and standards should be established in the early phase of finalising the main technical issues, with eventual refinement as the technol- 

---

Industrial resistance thermometers are also the subject of a number of national and international standards, which describe both cahbration constants and classes of accuracy and interchangeabihty. lEC pubhcation 751 was revised in 1976 to conform to ITS-90, and national standards will be revised to conform to this document. lEC 751 uses the fixed-poiat values of ITS-90 with the simpler algorithm of IPTS-48 ... 

This section covers only the tests that are essential on a completed motor, irrespective of the manufacturing procedure and stage quality checks. If ISO 9000 guidelines are assimilated, practised and enforced by a manufacturer so that a customer s trust is obtained, a final pre-despatch inspection by the customer may not be necessary. The customer, having gained confidence in the practices and Quality Assurance Systems of the manufacturer, may issue an authorization to the manufacturer to despatch the material under their own inspection certificate, rather than an inspection by the customer. We discuss below the test requirements procedure and the acceptance norms prescribed by various national and international standards for such machines and adopted by various manufacturers. 

Many abbreviations for plastics materials are in common use. Some of these have now been incorporated into national and international standards, including ... 

Regulatory considerations, covering national and international standards with proposed future changes and developments... 

Declare the intentions regarding the law, national and international standards, industry practices, human safety, reliability, natural resource conservation, and the environment. 

The need for building control arose primarily to protect the health and safety of the population and, latterly, to conserve fuel and power and prevent waste. Local and State Building Regulations give standards of performance necessary in the building and, as such, make reference to national and international standards and codes of practice. The regulations cover two areas of health and safety and can be subdivided as follows ... 

The materials which are currently specified in the National and International Standards for use as implants together with their eissociated mechanical properties are shown in Table 2.23. 

The basic materials which are called for in the National and International Standards, provided that they are in their correct metallurgical condition,... 

A new 510(k) paradigm provides guidance for sponsors of 510(k)s to consider and use national and international standards and a mechanism for declaration of conformity assessment criteria for these standards. It is expected that many domestic and international standards will address, in part or full, certain aspects of... 

European situation. An overview of the complete situation in the EU-countries is still lacking (Andersson 1998). A comprehensive approach suggested to assess animal welfare is the elaboration of an animal welfare index, which would be made up of several different components (Bartussek 1988 Sundrum et al. 1994). Such an index could be defined in national and international standards and accelerate the development of standards and control measures for a common definition for organic animal husbandry. 

National and international standards and recommendations particularly relevant to vacuum technology... 

A widespread method for determining the induction period for autoxidation of oils and fats consists of passing a continuous stream of air through the heated sample and collecting the volatile acids evolved in a water trap, where they are determined on a real time basis. The time plot usually presents a flat appearance for a certain period and then takes off in an accelerated manner. This test is the basis of several national and international standards (e.g. AOCS Cd 12b-92—oil stability index" ISO 6886—accelerated oxidation test for oxidative stability of fats and oils ) and the design of the Rancimat equipment, where the end determination is based on conductivity measurements . In addition to oxidation stability as determined by the Rancimat method and POV, which negatively affects virgin olive oil stability, other nonstandard properties were proposed for better assessment of the quality of this oil, namely LC determination of Vitamin E (21), colorimetric determination of total polar phenols and UVD of total chlorophyll. ... 

National and international standards, where applicable and suitable, must be consulted. 

Unfortunately, in establishing national and international standards for organic production, the emphasis has shifted from the purpose and principles of organic farming to the specific inputs, practices, and methods that tend to characterise organic farms. 

Knowledge of the physical properties of materials is essential for design, specification and quality control, and the particular nature of rubbers demands that specific test procedures, rather than methods for materials in general, are used to measure almost all of the properties. The importance of the subject of rubber testing to industry and to research is witnessed by the large number of national and international standards which have been produced. 

In spite of the universal character of the Vickers hardness tester, all three methods are used equivalently, as required. An example is a portable, battery-fed device with interchangeable Vickers, Brinell and Rockwell indenters resting on a piezoelectric crystal plate manufactured by Engineering and Scientific Equipment Ltd. (Fig. 4.3.10, Table 4.3.4). With this outfit, measurements can be carried out conforming to techniques recommended by, national and international standards (BS, ASTM, DIN, AFNOR). 

Another role is to approve standards as American National Standards when they meet consensus requirements. It approves a standard only when it has verified evidence presented by a standards developer that those affected by the standard have reached substantial agreement on its provisions. ANSI s other major roles are to represent U.S. interests in nongovernmental international standards work, to make national and international standards available, and to inform the public. 

Testing volatile organic emissions to air from construction materials and consumer products used indoors is the subject of intensive standard method development at the current time. Most of the world s leading national and international standards agencies are involved to a greater or lesser extent. There are several reasons for this sudden burst of activity. Top of the list are recent regulatory developments such as ... 

Structural testing takes into account the internal mechanism (structure) of a system or component. It is sometimes referred to as white box testing. Structural testing should show that the software creator followed contemporary quality standards (e.g., consensus standards from national and international standards development organizations. This testing usually includes inspection (or walk-through) of the program code and development documents. 

Numerous national and international standards on pH are still applicable. Following increasing demands for quality assurance in laboratories, a European standard is needed. 

The tests most frequently used in analytical practice in many countries are conventional toxicity tests, often recommended by national and international standard organizations to assess the toxicity of... 

---