Nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ionization

Nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry Nanostructure initiator mass spectrometry Oscillating capillary nebulizer Olanzapine Prostate cancers Sinapinic acid... 

Taira S, Sugiura Y, Moritake S, Shimma S, Ichiyanagi Y, Setou M (2008) Nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ionization based mass imaging with cellular resolution. Anal Chem 80(12) 4761—4766. doi 10.1021.ac800081z... 

Huang, X., El-Sayed, I.H., Qian, W. and El-Sayed, M.A. (2007) Analysis of adenosine triphosphate and glutathione through gold nanoparticles assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy. Nano. Lett., 7, 1591-1597. 

Chen, C.-C., Yang, Y.-L., Ou, C.-L., Chou, C.-H., Liaw, C.-C., Lin, P.-C. (2013) Direct Monitoring of Chemical Transformations by Combining Thin Layer Chromatography with Nanoparticle-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Analyst 138 1379-1385. 

Ageta, H., Asai, S., Sugiura, Y, Goto-Inoue, N., Zaima, N., Setou, M. (2009) Layer-specific sulfatide localization in rat hippocampus middle molecular layer is revealed by nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry. Medical Molecular Morphology, 42, 16-23. 

Wen, X.J., Dagan, S., Wysocki, V.H. (2007) Small-molecule analysis with silicon nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ ionization mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry, 79, 434 44. 

Watanabe T, Kawasaki H, Yonezawa T, Arakawa R (2008) Surface-assisted laser desorption/ ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) of low molecular weight organic compounds and synthetic polymers using zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. J Mass Spectrom 43 1063-1071. doi 10.1002/jms.l385... 

Interaction of nanomaterials with native cells is an important problem in modem life science. Recent progress in mass spectrometry provides a vital tool to study this problem. Advances in applications of mass spectrometry for investigating the interaction of nanoparticles with cell membranes and biomacromolecules are based on at least two methods. The first is matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI),1 and the second is temperature-programmed desorption mass spectrometry (TPD MS), newly developed to study the interaction of nanoparticles with a cell surface.2 ... 

Bilati, U., Pasquarello, C., Corthals, C. L., Hochstrasser, D. F., Allemann, E., and Doelker, E. (2005), Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for quantitation and molecular stability assessment of insulin entrapped within PLGA nanoparticles, J. Pharm. Sci., 94,1-7. 

J. A. McLean, K. A. Stumpo, and D. H. Russell, Size-selected (2-10 nm) gold nanoparticles for matrix assisted laser desorption ionization of peptides, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127 (2005) 5304-5305. 

Chen, C.T. and Chen, Y.-C. (2005) Fe304/Ti02 core/shell nanoparticles as affinity probes for the analysis of phosphopeptides using Ti02 surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 77, 5912-5919. 

Arakawa, R., Kawaski, H. (2010) Functionalized Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Surfaces for Surface-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Sci. 12 1229-1240. 

Chiu, Y.-C., Chen, Y.-C. (2008) Carboxylate-functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Surface-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Small Biomolecules. Anal. Lett. 41 260-267. 

McLean, J.A., Stumpo, K.A., Russell, D.H. (2005) Size-selected (2-lOnm) Gold Nanoparticles for Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization of Peptides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 5304-5305. 

Chiu, T.-C., Chang, L.-C., Chiang, C.-K., Chang, H.-T. (2008) Determining Estrogens Using Surface-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry with Silver Nanoparticles as the Matrix. J. Am Soc. Mass Spectrom.l9 1343-1346. 

Figure 3.11 summarizes such key experimental points. As a first point, we have to choose the appropriate ionization method for the detection of small metabolites, we have alternative choices other than MALDI, such as secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) [15], nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS) [20,21], desorption/ionization on silicon (DIOS) [22], nanoparticle-assisted laser desorptiopn/ ionization (nano-PALDI) [23], and even laser desorption/ionization (LDI) [24,25]. We consider that MALDI is stiU the most versatile method, particularly due to the soft ionization capability of intact analyte. However, other methods each have unique advantages for example, SIMS and nano-PALDI have achieved higher spatial resolution than conventional MALDI-IMS, and above aU, these mentioned alternative methods are all matrix-free methods, and thus can exclude the interruption of the matrix cluster ion. Next, if MALDI is chosen, experimenters should choose a suitable matrix compound, solvent composition, and further matrix application method for their target analyte. All these factors are critical to obtain sufficient sensitivity because they affect efficiency of analyte extraction, condition of cocrystallization, and, above all, analyte-ionization efficiency. In addition, based on the charge state of the analyte molecule, suitable MS polarity (i.e., positive/ negative ion detection mode) should be used in MS measurement. Below, we shall describe the key experimental points for MALDI-IMS applications of representative metabolites. 

However, both soft ionization of analytes and tandem MS are difficult to achieve with typical SIMS technique (8). In contrast, spatial resolution of MALDI-IMS is lower than that of SIMS. The spatial resolution depends on the experimental conditions and the instrument used but is typically 20-100 jim. Limitations of the spatial resolution of MALDI-IMS include the size of the organic matrix crystal and the analyte migration during the matrix application process. To overcome these problems, Taira and colleagues reported a nanoparticle (NP)-assisted laser desorption/ionization (nano-PALDI)-based IMS, in which the matrix crystallization process is eliminated (9). The use of nano-PALDI has enabled researchers to image compounds with spatial resolution at the cellular level (15 (xm almost equal to the size of the diameter of a laser spot). 

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization and Nanoparticle-Based... 

For example, by using the nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry, Patti and colleagues [130] detected intact cholesterol and its derivative molecules in situ to provide the first images of brain sterol localization in a knockout mouse model of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase. Other nanomaterials (e.g silver nanoparticles) have also been used to analyze lipids directly from tissue samples [133], From a thin film of colloidal graphite on rat brain tissue, direct lipid profiling was performed by graphite-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, which allowed to detect 22 HexCer species, whereas only eight HexCer species are detected with MALDI-TOF/MS [132], Chemically selective analysis for HexCer and ST species was successfully obtained. 

The use of silver nanoparticles has also been described in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), a powerful laser-based soft ionization technique for mass spectrometric analysis and the investigation of peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, pharmaceuticals, bacterial characterization and imaging studies. Here, liquid-liquid microextraction base-modified silver nanoparticles were employed for the extraction of a hydrophobic peptide (gramicidin) from biological samples through hydrophobic interactions, prior to MALDI analysis (Figure 4.1) [41]. The application of silver nanoparticles was shown to provide an excellent sample cleanup procedure, and also assisted in the enhancement of signal of peptides and proteins. 

Mass spectrometry is also used for nanoparticles investigations. Two ionization techniques often used with liquid and solid biological samples include electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ioiuzation (MALDI). Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) sources are mainly used for metal analysis. In general,... 

C.-L. Su and W.-L. Tseng, Gold nanoparticles as assisted matrix for determining neutral small carbohydrates through laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 79 (2007) 1626-1633. 

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