Carbohydrates through

Haase C, Seitz O (2007) Chemical Synthesis of Glycopeptides. 267 1-36 Hahn F, Schepers U (2007) Solid Phase Chemistry for the Directed Synthesis of Biologically Active Polyamine Analogs, Derivatives, and Conjugates. 278 135-208 Hansen SG, Skrydstrup T (2006) Modification of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Carbohydrates through Radical Chemistry. 264 135-162... 

Cells grown in the presence of azide analogs of certain amino acids or sugars will incorporate these derivatives into proteins or carbohydrates through enzymatic synthesis using... 

After these results had established the feasibility of generating and utilizing a carbohydrate phosphorane, the two systems that had been reported earlier were examined in order to determine if similar conditions would allow them to undergo the Wittig reaction. The ylide derived from phosphonium salt I condensed with both benz-aldehyde and U-chlorobenzaldehyde to produce good yields of olefinic products Villa and Vlllb. The ylide derived from phosphonium salt II also was successfully condensed with benzaldehyde, but the yield of IX was only 30 , presumably because of its extremely poor solubility even in an HMPA-THF solvent mixture. Both of these systems supported the tenet that it was possible to use unstabilized carbohydrate phosphoranes if the conditions are proper and if the g-oxygen is attached to the carbohydrate through another set of bonds. 

Affinity coelectrophoresis (AE) M/S Gel retardation one-dimensional electrophoresis of carbohydrate through protein-impregnated gel... 

Catalysis represents a possible tool to convert selectively carbohydrates through environmentally friendlier processes. Homogeneous catalysts are widely used in industry mainly because of their high activity, thus allowing a minimization of energy, cost, and labor. However, these catalytic processes present some problems... 

Respiration is a ubiquitous and complex oxidative mechanism that conserves energy, liberated by the catabolism of molecules such as carbohydrates, through the production of ATP from ADP and orthophosphate. Several component reaction sequences can be identified. 

The literature on metal complexes of carbohydrates through 1965 has been fully reviewed by Rendleman (I), and we shall therefore only discuss recent work. We shall not discuss the complexes formed with strong bases, such as calcium and barium oxide these are salts in which the sugar acts as a weak acid, losing one or several protons. Nor shall we discuss the complexes formed with anions of oxyacids—e.g., borate, stannate, periodate, etc. ions all these are compounds formed by covalent bonds in alkaline solution. We are concerned only with complexes formed with cations in neutral aqueous solution there is no evidence for the formation of complexes between sugars and simple anions in neutral aqueous solution. (For an example of complex formation between a sugar derivative and chloride ion in chloroform solution, see Reference 3.)... 

R.G. Fulcher, P.J. Wood and S.H. Yiu, Insights into Food Carbohydrates through Fluorescence Microscopy, Food Technology (1984), 101-106. 

It is assumed that the enzymes of glycolysis are induced by anaerobiosis to allow a greater flux of carbohydrate through the pathway because only 2 molecules of ATP are produced per molecule of glucose under anaerobic conditions whereas 36 molecules of ATP are produced under oxidative conditions. 

Modification of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Carbohydrates Through Radical Chemistry... 

The pathway of secretory proteins and glycoproteins (protein with attached carbohydrate) through exocrine (secretory) gland cells in which secretory vacuoles are present is well established. However, the exact pathway of exchange of the membranes between the various organelles is less clear and could be either one or a combination of both of the schemes shown in Fig. 1-7. 

Alternatively, chromophores can be added to carbohydrates through the formation of para-substituted benzoate esters or other functional groups containing chromophores. The high intensities of the CD spectra of these derivatives make this technique quite sensitive [452]. The orientations of the chromophores with respect to the sugar can be estimated and the resulting CD curves are very sensitive to substituent orientations. Thus, this technique is also useful for conformational studies [199,200,203,453]. 

K. Bock, I. Lundt, and C. M. Pedersen, Assignment of anomeric structure to carbohydrates through geminal 13C-H coupling constants, Tetrahedron Lett. (1973) 1037-1040. 

Glycoconjugates are biomolecules in which carbohydrate is covalently linked to either proteins or lipids. Proteoglycans are composed of relatively large amounts of carbohydrate (GAG units) covalently linked to small polypeptide components. Glycoproteins are proteins covalently linked to carbohydrate through N- or O-linkages. 

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