Solid biological sample

Mass spectrometry is also used for nanoparticles investigations. Two ionization techniques often used with liquid and solid biological samples include electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ioiuzation (MALDI). Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) sources are mainly used for metal analysis. In general,... 

Figure 5.2.1 Scheme for the extraction of geometrical carotenoid isomers from solid biological samples employing matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD)... 

Fleckenstein (1985) determined mercury in solid biological samples (1 mg) by use of a graphite furnace with a graphite sampling boat and ZBGC. He estimated the detection limit at about 0.1 mg/kg. A similar technique was used by Strubel et al. (1990) for the analysis of urinary calculi. 

Samples for e.s.r. must be solids. Biological samples which contain a large amount of water are therefore frozen in liquid nitrogen before e.s.r. e.xperiment. 

Hanamura S., Smith B. W. and WiNEEORDNER J. D. (1983) Speciation of inorganic and organometallic compounds in solid biological samples by thermal vaporization and plasma emission spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 

The use of PTR-MS in medical science is not just restricted to breath analysis and online in vitro measurements of microbial cultures. PTR-MS has considerable potential for application in other medical areas, such as the analysis of the headspace above liquid and solid biological samples (e.g. urine, faeces or sputum samples) or detecting emissions from skin (a potential application being the early detection of skin cancers), but surprisingly there have been only a limited number of such studies at the time of writing. Furthermore, with the development of direct aqueous injection inlet systems (see Section 9.2), PTR-MS is not just limited to headspace analysis but now also has the potential to analyse liquid samples directly. 

J. R. Veraait, C. Gooijer, H. Lingeman, N. H. Velthorst and U. A. Th Brinkman, At-line solid-phase exti action coupled to capillary electi ophoresis deteitnination of amphoteric compounds in biological samples , 7. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 22 183-187(1999). 

Analysis of environmental samples is similar to that of biological samples. The most common methods of analyses are GC coupled to MS, ECD, a Hall s electrolytic conductivity detector (HECD), or a flame-ionization detector (FID). Preconcentration of samples is usually done by sorption on a solid sorbent for air and by the purge-and-trap method for liquid and solid matrices. Alternatively, headspace above liquid and... 

The use of ethyl acetate was suggested by Oszmianski and Lee (1990) to wash out phenolics other than anthocyanins. Finally, a relatively pure anthocyanin extract can be removed from the colnmn with acidified methanol (0.1% HCl). Anthocyanin extracts can be enriched in this way by use of solid phase purification, which is especially helpful for diluted samples such as biological samples. Two factors in the nse of these purification techniques are the stability of anthocyanins to the conditions nsed and the ease of anthocyanin recovery from the column. ... 

For the determination of As, Cd, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu and Cr with solid sampling GF-AAS in a number of biological samples, calibration curves using one NIES CRM and three NIST SRMs were constructed and successfully used (Atsuya et al. 1987). 

The first example, also being the example introducing optimal control to solid-state NMR [40] and further elaborated on later [161], is optimal control versions of the DCP experiment. This experiment was a natural choice for numerical improvements as it is widely used and it is well known that this experiment is sensitive to offsets, rf mismatch relative to the MAS-modified Hartmann-Hahn condition, and rf inhomogeneity. In particular the two latter effects may reduce significantly the performance of 15N to 13C transfers, severely complicate setup of such experiments, and render these critically sensitive to altered tuning/rf conditions in the course of potentially long experiments for biological samples. 

Many other types of solid phase adsorbents, including those based on conventional and specialty materials like restricted access media (RAM), can increase analysis speed and improve assay performance. These types of materials, also known as internal reversed-phase packings, are especially useful for assaying target compounds in biological samples such as serum and plasma. They are chemically modified porous silicas that have hydrophilic external surfaces and restricted-access hydrophobic internal surfaces. The ratio of interior to external surface areas is large. Macromolecules such as proteins cannot enter the pores of the RAM (they are excluded from the hydrophobic internal surface) and they elute quickly through the column. However, the smaller analyte molecules that can enter the pores are retained via interactions with the hydrophobic bonded phase within... 

Theodoridis, G., Koster, E.H.M. and de Jong, G.J. (2000) Solid-phase microextraction forthe analysis of biological samples. J. Chromatogr. B 745, 49-82. 

Biological Sampling Kit (Military) The BSK is required to perform three types of biological sampling surface, liquid, and solid. The kit contains the required equipment for... 

The majority of methods published in the literature for extraction of biological samples comprises classical methods such as solid/liquid... 

In contrast with the variety of methods of extraction of LAS from other solid samples (such as sediment, suspended solid, sludge) and water samples (see corresponding section), there are relatively few reports of attempts to extract LAS from biological samples [22-28]. Direct HPLC measurement of accumulation of LAS in rat liver lysosomes has been reported [29]. 

MAS Solid-State NMR of Isotopically Enriched Biological Samples 243... 

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