Small molecule analysis

There are several examples in the literature of GFC now being utilized for small molecule analysis (17). However, in this case, attempts to obtain monomer concentrations for kinetic modelling were frustrated by irreproducible impurity peak interference with monomer peaks, time varying refractometer responses and insufficient resolution for utilization of a reference peak. This last point meant that injected concentration would have to be extremely reproducible. 

Cohen, L. H., and Gusev, A. I. (2002). Small molecule analysis by MALDI mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 373, 571—586. 

Although both hybrid LTQ-FTMS instruments find applications in the dmg metabolism area, the LTQ-Qrbitrap, with its simplified maintenance, lower cost, and in most cases better sensitivity at low masses, is generally more applicable to small-molecule analysis. The LTQ-FTICR, with the advantage of higher resolution and mass accuracy, covers a wider range of applications, from small molecules to peptides and proteins, where most advantages are found in the analysis of large biomolecules. 

Cole et al., 1998) are likely to become more widespread. Instrument formats that feature high resolution chromatography and/or mass spectrometry may provide the required structural detail in some instances. Similar to small molecule analysis, the widespread use of open-access LC/MS systems for protein synthesis activities (Burdick and Stults, 1997) appears to be imminent. 

Teo, C.C., Pool, W., Chong, K., Ho, Y.S. Development and application of microwave-assisted extraction technique in biological sample preparation for small molecule analysis. Metabolomics 9, 1109-1128 (2013)... 

The trend toward miniaturization for small-molecule analysis is driven in part by the desire to fully characterize a promising drug candidate as early in the discovery process as possible to reduce the cost of development failure... 

Apart from pure quahty control topics, reliable analytical methods are important to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of drags and their metabohtes, and often a correlation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters helps to predict therapeutic effects. In the case of biopharmaceuticals, a new set of analytical methods had to be developed due to the different nature of these products. Potency assays were rarely used in conventional small-molecule analysis, but have gained special attention for biopharmaceuticals. A series of assays was estabhshed which are useful both in quahty control and in in vivo analytics. A lot of attention is paid to... 

DART has been used to vaporize and ionize a large variety of analytes, e.g., drugs, explosive residues, plant metabolites, peptides, and oligosaccharides, from a variety of surfaces, including glass, paper, fruits, fabrics, medicinal tablets, and thin-layer chromatography plates. Limitations of DART include that it is useful only for small molecule analysis and cannot be combined with chromatography because it is a surface ionization method. 

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