Nanocomposite ternary

Nanocomposite Si-C-N ternary UFPs have been synthesized for aiming at improving the properties of the final powders, increasing safety, and lowering the production cost. In the laser-induced synthesis, many gaseous mixtures are used as reactants, such as hexamethyl-disilazane ((CH3)3SiNHSi(CH3)3) (68,69), methyl-amine (CH3NH2), and dimethylamine ((CH3)2NH) (70-72). 

In the previous several years, various nanoparticles have been assembled into pairs to fabricate polymer nanocomposites, such as clay/silica (45), clay/carbon black (43), CNTs/clay (41,42), and CNTs/Titanium (38). Polymer/CNTs/clay ternary composite is one of most important multiphase systems with interesting synergistic effect, where sodium based montmorillonite (MMT) are the most commonly used layered clay. In this chapter, we will select some typical examples to demonstrate the importance and synergies of using CNTs and clay together in the preparation of polymer nanocomposites. 

Schematic illustration of clay and CNTs morphology in chitosan nanocomposites is shown in Figure 4.8. In the composites based on chitosan/CNTs containing 0.4 wt % CNTs, nanotubes can be well dispersed in chitosan, but no filler network could be formed due to its low concentration (Figure 4.8a). In the composites based on chitosan/clay containing 3 wt % clay, formation of 2D clay platelets network is possible (Figure 4.8b). In chitosan/clay-CNTs ternary nanocomposites, ID CNTs are confined in 2D clay platelets network, which results in a much jammed and conjugated 3D clay-CNTs network (Figure 4.8c). The interactions and networks in the system can be divided into (1) clay-clay network, (2) clay-CNTs network, (3) CNTs-polymer-clay bridging, (4) polymer-polymer network. The formation of different networks and interactions could be the main reason for the observed synergistic reinforcement of CNT and clay...

MWCNT > pure MWCNTs. Wu et al. (74) have molded PCL/ PLA-MWCNT ternary composites using melt-compounding and injection-moldingwith both carboxylic-acid-functionalized and non-function-alized MWCNTs. Although no discussion was presented related to dispersion of MWCNTs, it was observed that the carboxylic-acid-functionalized MWCNTs-filled nanocomposites showed better properties compared with non-functionalized ones. 

The intercalation of polymer or prepolymer from the solution is described via minimum free energy principle. The driving force of polymer intercalation is the entropy from the solvent desorption. Several researchers investigated the thermodynamics properties of PCN with homo polymeric systems in a confined geometry. However, Lim et al. investigated ternary systems, and explained that the intercalation distance of poly-(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/organic-modified clay (OMMT) nanocomposite is larger than that for the... 

Fig. 25 Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of a ternary nanocomposite of PS-poly(ethyl propylene) (PEP) diblock copolymer with two types of nanoparticle-Ugand systems AuR]- and SiO2R2-ftmctionalized (R i, R2 are alkyl groups) nanoparticles of total volume fraction 0.02. The former appear along the interface of the lamellar microdomains, whereas the latter reside in the center of PEP microphases. Schematically, the nanoparticle distribution is shown in the inset. Taken from [308]...

In Reference 107, the effect of grafting of a polar group (MAH) onto LDPE chains and the chemical modification of clay particles with 2,6-diaminocaproic acid (L-lysine monohydrochloride) to produce nanocomposites with a matrix composed of a ternary blend of PEs (LDPE, LLDPE, and HDPE) was studied in detail. X-ray diffraction was used to determine the exfoliation degree of the clay. Morphological features were revealed by scanning electron microscopy and thermal analysis disclosed the thermal stability of the samples. Comparative analyses of the mechanical (under tension) and rheological properties of the nanocomposites were carried out as well. 

Mn02 ternary nanocomposites and their enhanced electrochemical performance for supercapacitors. Electrochhn. Acta 71,27-32. 

Asi Asif, A., Leena, K., Rao, V. L., Ninan, K. N. Hydroxyl terminated poly (ether ether ketone) with pendant methyl group-toughened epoxy clay ternary nanocomposites Preparation, morphology, and thermomechanical properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 106 (2007) 2936-2946. 

In this article, recent developments in the formation and properties of epoxy layered silicate nanocomposites are reviewed. The effect of processing conditions on cure chemistry and morphology is examined, and their relationship to a broad range of material properties elucidated. An understanding of the intercalation mechanism and subsequent influences on nanocomposite formation is emphasized. Recent work involving the structure and properties of ternary, thermosetting nanocomposite systems which incorporate resin, layered silicates and an additional phase (fibre, thermoplastic or rubber) are also discussed, and future research directions in this highly active area are canvassed. 

Table 3 Properties of ternary nanocomposite comprising DGEBA epoxy branched epoxy resin and octadecylammonium-modified organo-silicate resin, hyper-...

Fig. 24 TEM micrographs of ternary epoxy, CTBN rubber and octadecyl ammonium-treated montmorillonite nanocomposites which were investigated with different polarity rubbers, (a) shows a broad view of the less polar rubber and the clay tactoids, clearly separated and (b) shows a close up of the more polar rubber close to silicate layers...

Ternary systems are becoming more widely reported with, in addition to epoxy and clay, other materials being present such as rubber, thermoplastic or fibres. Synergies need to be sought. likewise, the addition of additives such as flame retardants, either physically blended, or covalently-incorporated with the epoxy or amine need to be examined in nanocomposites, since this is one of the most important, ongoing requirements of transport industries such as aerospace. 

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