Ternary composites

A plant explosion involved a mixture of nitrobenzene, nitric acid and a substantial quantity of water. Detonation occurred with a speed and power comparable to TNT. This was unexpected in view of the presence of water in the mixture [1]. The later reference deals with a detailed practical and theoretical study of this system and determination of the detonability limits and shock-sensitivity. The limits of detonability coincided with the limits of miscibility over a wide portion of the ternary composition diagram. In absence of water, very high sensitivity (similar to that of glyceryl nitrate) occurred between 50 and 80% nitric acid, the stoicheiometric proportion being 73% [2],... 

Considering for instance the formation of compounds, several variants may be observed due to the possible existence of binary (point or line) phases and/or of ternary, stoichiometric or solid solutions phases. Notice that true ternary phases may be formed (that is phases corresponding to homogeneity regions placed inside the diagram and not connected with the components or any binary phases). However within the ternary composition fields, phases are observed which contain all the... 

Fig. 10.9 Figure of Merit and leakage current data of Figure 10.8, replotted on a conventional ternary composition diagram. 

Following the initial work by Smart et al., similar efforts were reported based on various binary and ternary compositions, such as EC/DMC/EMC (1 1 1) 503,505,509 eC/DMC/DEC (2 2 l),so5 EC/EMC (1 3), ° EC/DMC/methylpropyl carbonate (MFC) and EC/DMC/isopropyl carbonate (iPC) at a series of varying compositions.Unfortunately, below —30 °C the above compositions still failed to function well. ... 

Fluorinated carbonates were also used by Smart et al. as low-temperature cosolvents (Table 12), in the hope that better low-temperature performances could be imparted by their lower melting points and favorable effects on SEI chemistry. Cycling tests with anode half-cells showed that, compared with the ternary composition with nonfluorinated carbonates, these fluorinated solvents showed comparable and slightly better capacity utilizations at room temperature or —20 °C, if the cells were charged at room temperature however, pronounced differences in discharge (delithiation) capacity could be observed if the cells were charged (lithiated) at —20 °C, where one of these solvents, ethyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate (ETFEC), allowed the cell to deliver far superior capacity, as Figure 63 shows. Only 50% of the capacity deliverable at room temperature was... 

Usually, when an HPLC method is developed, an acceptable degree of separation for all the components of interest in our sample is required in a reasonable time. The mobile phases more frequently used are the classical mixtures of methanol-water and acetonitrile-water in different proportions. If a satisfactory separation cannot be achieved using a binary solvent mixture as mobile phase, a ternary composition may be used. 

Fig. 3.17 Screening protocol showing library designs (top) and post reaction images of TLC detection wafers (bottom). Note that the white TLC plates appear black and the red spots appear white in the photo, (a) Binaries of redox active metal oxides (b) extension of binaries into ternaries by adding dopants (c) focus ternaries of best hits (d) noble metal doping of MoVNb ternary. Compositional details are given in the text. Reaction temperatures for (a-c) =375 °C, (d) =325 °C.

Over the past 35 years, much has been learned about the electrooxidation of methanol on the surface of noble metals and metal alloys, in particular platinum and ruthenium [2, 4, 6, 7]. Significant overpotential losses occur in the reaction due to poisoning of the alloy catalyst surface by carbon monoxide. Yet, Pt-based metal alloys are still the most popular catalyst materials in the development of new fuel cell electrocatalysts, based on the expectation that a more CO-tolerant methanol catalyst will be developed. The vast ternary composition space beyond Pt-Ru catalysts has not been adequately explored. This section demonstrates how the ternary space can be explored using the high-throughput, electrocatalyst workflow described above. 

Fig. 11.16 Ternary composition diagram of the Pt-Ru-Co associated with the library design described in Fig. 11.15. Black dots indicate the individual binary and ternary compositions synthesized and screened. The larger, lighter dot indicates the stoichiometry of the most active material identified through the original primary screening protocol (Figs. 11.10 to 11.13).

Fig. 11.13 Stability analysis of the most active ternary composition, Pt14Co63Ru23, shown in Fig. 11.17. (a) Location of the electrocatalyst within the ternary composition map. (b) Comparison of the XRD profile of the electrocatalyst before and after screening. The dominant diffraction peak shifts slightly to larger lattice parameters, indicating leaching of cobalt. Significant intensity degradation (relative to the Ti electrode) has occurred after screening. Diffraction of a bare Ti electrode is shown for comparison.

Fig. 11.19 Stability analysis of an active but stable ternary composition, Pt18Co62Ru2o.

For plotting ternary compositions, it is common to employ an equilateral composition triangle with coordinates in terms of either mole fraction or weight percent of the three components. 

Based on the needs expressed, on the existing data and on the constraints imposed by the availability of hydriodic acid, an experimental campaign was carried around different groups of ternary compositions. These groups, characterised by their variable iodine and hydriodic acid contents, are represented in the ternary diagram of Figure 1. 

Gui, H., et al., Effect of rubbers on the flame retardancy of EVA/ultrafine fully vulcanized powdered rub-ber/nanomagnesium hydroxide ternary composites, Polym. Compos., 28,479 183, 2007. 

It should be noted that the sol-gel process is particularly attractive for the synthesis of multicomponent particles with binary or ternary compositions using double alkoxides (two metals in one molecule) or mixed alkoxides (with mixed metaloxane bonds between two metals). Atomic homogeneity is not easily achieved by coprecipitating colloidal hydroxides from a mixture of salt solutions, since it is difficult to constmct double metaloxane bonds from metal salt. Hybrid... 

Fig 1 Ternary compositional diagram Si02-Al203-Na20 defining specific... 

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