Ternary blend

In order to improve properties and compatibility of PP/EPDM blends, ternary blends and composites are sometimes prepared from the PP/EPDM blends. For instance, Sanchez et al. (10) prepared ternary blends of PP, high density polyethylene and EPDM with several blending ratios and investigated the melt rheological behaviors. They discussed the effect of the shear rate on the viscosity and flow curve in terms of the exponent of low power for a non-Newtonian liquid. They showed that addition of an elastomer to the polyolefin blends changes the shape of the viscosity-composition curve, and they discussed it in terms of the possible morphology of the blend. Similar works have been also reported by Ha et al. (11,12). 

An illustration of a composite (encapsulated droplet-in-matrix) phase morphology in melt-blended ternary blend 70 wt% polyamide/15 wt% polystyrene/15 wt% polypropylene. The droplet is polypropylene, the encapsulating phase is polystyrene, and the matrix is polyamide. (From G. Lei, Development of Three Phase Morphologies in Reactively Compatihilized Polyamide 6/Polypropylene/Polystyrene Ternary Blends, master s thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium, 2004.)... 

Particularly synergistic properties can be obtained using ternary polymer blends that cannot be achieved with binary blends. Ternary blends based on NR, BR and EPDM have been used for tyre sidewalls and show excellent ultimate properties, better ozone resistance and fatigue resistance under dynamic load. Spedlic morphology development, crosslinking behaviour and their correlation to mechanical properties of different ternary rubber blends like butyl rubber (IIR)/NR/SBR and NR/BR/SBR blends have been well... 

Figure B3.6.5. Phase diagram of a ternary polymer blend consisting of two homopolymers, A and B, and a synnnetric AB diblock copolymer as calculated by self-consistent field theory. All species have the same chain length A and the figure displays a cut tlirough the phase prism at%N= 11 (which corresponds to weak segregation). The phase diagram contains two homopolymer-rich phases A and B, a synnnetric lamellar phase L and asynnnetric lamellar phases, which are rich in the A component or rich in the B component ig, respectively. From Janert and Schick [68].

Janert P Kand Sohiok M 1997 Phase behavior of ternary homopolymer/diblook blends miorophase unbinding in the symmetrio system Macromolecules 30 3916... 

Terg-O-Tometer Terg-o-tometer Terlinguaite [12394-37-5] Termamyl Terminal lakes Terminal sterilization Ternary polymer blends Terne metal... 

Ternary Blends. Discussion of polymer blends is typically limited to those containing only two different components. Of course, inclusion of additional components may be useful in formulating commercial products. The recent Hterature describes the theoretical treatment and experimental studies of the phase behavior of ternary blends (10,21). The most commonly studied ternary mixtures are those where two of the binary pairs are miscible, but the third pair is not. There are limited regions where such ternary mixtures exhibit one phase. A few cases have been examined where all three binary pairs are miscible however, theoretically this does not always ensure homogeneous ternary mixtures (10,21). 

Lipson (1943, 1944), who had examined a copper-nickeMron ternary alloy. A few years ago, on an occasion in honour of Mats Hillert, Cahn (1991) mapped out in masterly fashion the history of the spinodal concept and its establishment as a widespread alternative mechanism to classical nucleation in phase transformations, specially of the solid-solid variety. An excellent, up-to-date account of the present status of the theory of spinodal decomposition and its relation to experiment and to other branches of physics is by Binder (1991). The Hillert/Cahn/Hilliard theory has also proved particularly useful to modern polymer physicists concerned with structure control in polymer blends, since that theory was first applied to these materials in 1979 (see outline by Kyu 1993). 

The effect of ionomer concentration on the mechanical properties of PP-EPDM blends is given Table 9. It is seen that the tensile strength and modulus show a maximum at 5 wt% of both ionomer A and B, thereafter, it decreases at higher ionomer loading. The properties are higher for ternary blends containing ionomer B than these containing ionomer A. On the other hand, addition... 

The structure-property relationship of graft copolymers based on an elastomeric backbone poly(ethyl acry-late)-g-polystyrene was studied by Peiffer and Rabeony [321. The copolymer was prepared by the free radical polymerization technique and, it was found that the improvement in properties depends upon factors such as the number of grafts/chain, graft molecular weight, etc. It was shown that mutually grafted copolymers produce a variety of compatibilized ternary component blends. 

Greco et al. [50] studied the effect of the reactive compatibilization technique in ethylene propylene rubber-polyamide-6 blends. Binary blends of polyamide-6-ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) and a ternary blend of polyamide-6-EPR-EPR-g-succinic anhydride were prepared by the melt mixing technique, and the influence of the degree of grafting of (EPR-g-SA) on morphology and mechanical properties of the blends was studied. 

The kinetics of the reactive compatibilization of nylon-6-PP by acrylic acid modified PP was investigated by Dagli et al. [47]. The compatibilization reaction in this system involved the reaction between the acid group of acrylic acid modified PP and the amine group of nylon-6. A typical intensive batch mixer torque (t) vs time (t) trace for a ternary blend showing an increase in mixing torque upon the addition of PP-g-AA to a binary PP-NBR (85 7.5) blend is shown in Fig. 3. The kinetic... 

Figure 3 Torque vs time trace for the PP-N6-PP-g-AA ternary blend. Source Ref. 47.

Figure 2 Notched Izod impact strength of ternary PA-PP-SEBS-g-MAH blends with 0 wt%, 5 wt%, and 10 wt% SEBS-g-MAH. Source Ref. 44.

The dynamic mechanical analysis of the ternary blends with 75 25 PVC-ENR bl6nd showed single Tg at all levels of XNBR concentrations, which indicates the miscibility of the system. In the 50 50 PVC-ENR blend, when the concentration of XNBR increased, the blend becomes progressively miscible. 

The mathematical properties of the set of equations describing chemical equilibrium in the synthesis gas system indicate that the carbon-producing regions are defined solely by pressure, temperature, and elemental analysis. Once a safe blend of reactants is determined from the ternary, the same set of equations which was used to derive the ternary may be used to determine the gas composition. 

Details are given of ways of obtaining energy from the pyrolysis of disposable syringes. The waxy product was chemically modified with maleic anhydride and tested in the processing of PP/LLDPE blends in a rheometer or twin-screw extruder. Compatibility of components in binary or ternary blends and DSC results are discussed. 35 refs. 

Interesting TPEs can be derived from binary and ternary blends of polyfunctional acrylates, ACM, and fluorocarbon rubber (FKM) [53]. During the blend preparation, the liquid multifunctional acrylate monomer used is polymerized and forms the continuous matrix encapsulating the... 

Pandey et al. have used ultrasonic velocity measurement to study compatibility of EPDM and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) blends at various blend ratios and in the presence of compa-tibilizers, namely chloro-sulfonated polyethylene (CSM) and chlorinated polyethylene (CM) [22]. They used an ultrasonic interferometer to measure sound velocity in solutions of the mbbers and then-blends. A plot of ultrasonic velocity versus composition of the blends is given in Eigure 11.1. Whereas the solution of the neat blends exhibits a wavy curve (with rise and fall), the curves for blends with compatibihzers (CSM and CM) are hnear. They resemble the curves for free energy change versus composition, where sinusoidal curves in the middle represent immiscibility and upper and lower curves stand for miscibihty. Similar curves are obtained for solutions containing 2 and 5 wt% of the blends. These results were confirmed by measurements with atomic force microscopy (AEM) and dynamic mechanical analysis as shown in Eigures 11.2 and 11.3. Substantial earher work on binary and ternary blends, particularly using EPDM and nitrile mbber, has been reported. 

The chemical bath deposition of polycrystalline, zinc blende HgSe thin films on TO glass from aqueous alkaline medium has been reported [120]. Examples of electrodeposited ternary mercury compounds will be discussed in the next section. 

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