Mustard development

The discovery of penicillin and its successful application in World War II inspired the antibiotic era, and a broad search for other cures for infectious diseases. Cancer has a totally different cause, as it arises through the malignant mutation of normal cells instead of from the actions of bacterial or other outside organisms. Penicillin destroys the bacteria cell walls, but not the mammalian cell membranes. Unless a dmg could be found that could tell the difference between a normal cell and a cancer cell, then it was not clear that there would be an effective cancer drug, that is until the first report by Goodman in 1946 that nitrogen mustard, developed as a war gas, was an effective chemotherapeutic for human leukemia. 

H.P. Benschop, D. Noort, G.P. Van der Schans, L.P.A. De Jong, Diagnosis and Dosimetry of Exposure to Sulfur Mustard Development of Standard Operating Procedures Further Exploratory Research on Protein Adducts. Final report Cooperative Agreement DAMD 17-97-2-7002. NTIS number ADA381035/XAB (2000). 

Noort, D., Fidder, A., Hulst A.G., De Jong L.P., Benschop, H.P. (2000). Diagnosis and dosimetry of exposiue to sulfur mustard development of a standard operating procedure for mass spectrometric analysis of haemoglobin adducts exploratory research on albumin and keratin adducts. J. Appl. Toxicol. 20 SI 87-92. 

Benschop HP, Noort D, van der Schans GV, de Jong LPA. Diagnosis and dosimetry of exposure to sulfur mustard development of standard operating procedures further exploratory research on protein adducts. Final report for contract DAMD17-97-2-7002, ADA381035, 2000. 

Noort, D., van der Schans, G.P., 2002. Low level exposure to sulfur mustard development of a SOP for analysis of albumin adducts and of a system for non-invasive diagnosis on skin Pentagon Reports. TNO Prins Maurits Laboratorium, Rijswijk (Netherlands), 52. 

Exceptions to the simple definition of an essential oil are, for example, gadic oil, onion oil, mustard oil, or sweet birch oils, each of which requires enzymatic release of the volatile components before steam distillation. In addition, the physical process of expression, appHed mostly to citms fmits such as orange, lemon, and lime, yields oils that contain from 2—15% nonvolatile material. Some flowers or resinoids obtained by solvent extraction often contain only a small portion of volatile oil, but nevertheless are called essential oils. Several oils are dry-distiUed and also contain a limited amount of volatiles nonetheless they also are labeled essential oils, eg, labdanum oil and balsam oil Pern. The yield of essential oils from plants varies widely. Eor example, nutmegs yield 10—12 wt % of oil, whereas onions yield less than 0.1% after enzymatic development. 

B. J. Ehrlich and S. E. Spencer, Development of an Automated Mustard S tack Monitor, Edgewood Arsenal Report No. ED-CR-76084, Tracer, Inc., June 1976. L. Schwart2 and co-workers. Evaluation of Ml 5/Ml 8 Enyme Detector Ticket System with Eow Concentration of GB, Edgewood Arsenal Report No. 

Volatile Inhibitors. Of the volatile components that influence plant growth and development, ethylene has received the most attention. Literature concerned with the variety of effects produced by ethylene, factors which influence its production, and the mechanisms through which responses are expressed has been reviewed by Evenari (57). Other gaseous excretions with inhibitory effects considered by Evenari include hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, essential oils, and mustard oils (probably allyl isothiocyanate and /3-phenethyI isothiocyanate). 

According to a hypothesis launched by Larionov et al in the 1960s, some new nitrogen mustard derivatives were developed. They contain metabolites and heterocyclic structures as carriers of the cytotoxic chloroethylamine groups. By this way the synthesis of aliylating metabolites started melphalan (sarcolysine) as L- or DL-phenylalanine derivative prospidine with a tricyclic piperazine moiety and chlorambucil as butyric acid derivative. It was proven that each alkylating metabolite has its own spectrum of selective antitumor activity. 

Chemotherapy of cancer started in the early 1940s when nitrogen mustard was administered to patients with lymphoma. Since then, numerous agents have been developed for the treatment of different cancers. 

A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) study of 165 sludges showed nickel concentrations ranging from 2 to 3520mg/kg (dry basis).18 Nickel toxicity may develop in plants from application of municipal wastewater biosolids on acid soils. Nickel reduces yields for a variety of crops including oats, mustard, turnips, and cabbage. 

Recently, sulfur mustard has been shown to alkylate a cysteine residue in human serum albumin (10). The site of alkylation was identified in a tryptic digest of albumin from blood exposed to [14C]sulfur mustard. A sensitive method for its analysis was developed based on Pronase digestion of alkylated albumin to the tripeptide S-[2-[(hydroxyethyl)thio]ethyl-Cys-Pro-Phe, and detection using micro-LC-MS-MS. In vitro exposure of human blood to > 10 nM sulfur mustard could be detected employing this method. The analytical procedure was successfully applied to albumin samples from Iranian casualties of the Iraq-Iran war. 

Dermal (skin) contact with sulfur mustard agents causes erythema and lesions (blistering), while contact with vapor may result in first and second degree burns contact with liquid typically produces second and third degree chemical burns. Any burn area covering 25 percent or more of the body surface area may be fatal. Respiratory contact is a dose-related factor in the sense that inflammatory reactions in the upper and lower airway begin to develop several hours after exposure and progress over several days. 

Blister agents were developed for military purposes and are intended to inflict casualties (delayed following exposure), restrict terrain access, and slow troop movement. They affect the eyes and lungs and blister the skin. Mustard was the primary blister agent used in World War I. It was recognized by its distinctive odor. Modern... 

Blister agents were developed to inflict casualties, restrict terrain access, and slow troop movement. They affect the eyes and lungs and blister the skin. Mustard was... 

The only agent in this category is distilled mustard (HD). Two other mustard agents (Q and T) developed in the past were dropped from production because they were redundant or were superseded by newer agents. Mustards got their name from their unique smell that resembles burning garlic. Personnel exposed to mustards should be decontaminated immediately and given medical attention. 

In pure liquid form, lewisite causes blindness, immediate destruction of lung tissue, and systemic blood poisoning. It is absorbed through the skin like distilled mustard, but is much more toxic to the skin. Skin exposure results in immediate pain a rash forms within 30 minutes. Severe chemical burns are possible. Blistering of the skin takes up to 13 hours to develop. Lewisite does not dissolve in human sweat. It commingles with sweat, then flows to tender skin areas such as the inner arm, buttocks, and crotch. 

Nitrogen mustard agents were introduced before the development of nerve agents. Nitrogen mustard agent HN-1 was developed by accident by the German and Czech pharmaceutical industries. It was originally developed to remove warts and kill... 

After skin is exposed to HN-2 an epidermal rash develops within approximately an hour. If initial exposure is very low, a rash may not develop. As with HN-1, HN-2 exposure is cumulative. If a person receives multiple low-level exposures, a rash will eventually appear. Blistering will begin about 12 hours after the onset of the skin rash. As with other blister agents, great irritation results when HN-2 vapor or liquid mixes with sweat and flows to tender skin areas (e.g., armpits, buttocks, crotch). Pulmonary effects from exposure to HN-2 are not as severe as for distilled mustard. Dry-land drowning syndrome can occur as the lungs flood with mucus, dead tissue, and blood. The victim dies from a combination of asphyxiation and heart failure. 

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