Multiple sclerosis immune cells

Feng X, Han D, Kilaru BK, Franek BS, Niewold TB, Reder AT. Inhibition of interferon-beta responses in multiple sclerosis immune cells associated with high-dose statins. Arch Neiuol 2012 69(10) 1303-9. 

Kmmbholz M, Theil D, Cepok S, Hemmer B, Kivisakk P, Ransohoff RM, Hofbauer M, Farina C, Derfuss T, Hartle C, Newcombe J, Hohlfeld R, Meinl E (2006) Chemokines in multiple sclerosis CXCL12 and CXCL13 up-regulation is differentially linked to CNS immune cell recruitment. Brain 129 200-211... 

Some aspects of multiple sclerosis are reflected in the animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which is induced by immunization of susceptible animals with appropriate encephalogenic proteins or peptides. In these animals, if cultured adult stem cell neurospheres are injected into the bloodstream, injected cells can find their way to damaged portions of the nervous system and improve function in mice. How the injected cells augmented the recovery process is unclear. One possibility is that cells recruited to the lesions differentiated into oligodendrocytes and generated new myelin sheaths, but this seems unlikely in the face of ongoing cellular destruction. 

Similarly, under certain disease conditions, altered NA innervation and/or AR signaling capacity impairs sympathetic communication with cells of the immune system, influencing disease progression. Altered catecholamine communication with the immune system is evident in autoimmune diseases such as arthritis and multiple sclerosis [5-7] and in infectious diseases, such as leprosy and a mouse model of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [15, 43, 44], The impact of altered NA innervation of... 

BC, Chen L, Hartung HP, Weller M, Wiendl H Interferon-(5 enhances monocyte and dendritic cell expression of B7-H1 (PD-Ll), a strong inhibitor of autologous T-cell activation relevance for the immune modulatory effect in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2004 155 172-182. 

Interferons—Family of immune system signal proteins that interfere with the ability of viruses to infect cells. Interferons have been genetically engineered to provide treatments by weakening immune response in autoimmune disease such as multiple sclerosis, or by strengthening immune response in diseases like hepatitis C. 

Multiple sclerosis—Nervous system disorder in which the body s immune system mistakenly attacks the fatty insulation of cells of the brain and spinal cord. 

While the specific mechanisms of action of interferon-pia and interferon-pib in MS are not fully understood, each interferon has a number of immune-mediating activities (see Section 7.1). A recent review article on multiple sclerosis observed The interferons reduce the proliferation of T cells and the production of tumor necrosis factor a, decrease antigen presentation, alter cytokine production to favor ones governed by type 2 helper T (Th2) cells, increase the secretion of interleukin-10, and reduce the passage of immune cells across the blood-brain barrier by means of their effects on adhesion molecules, chemokines, and proteases [2]. 

Most cells of the immune system are ordinarily kept apart from those of the nervous system by means of the blood-brain barrier. However, allergic encephalomyelitis, in which T cells attack the myelin sheath of brain neurons, can easily be induced in mice.506 A similar autoimmune process is thought to be involved in human multiple sclerosis (see Chapter 30, pp. 1769, 1808, and Fig. 30-9).507,508 High levels of circulating IgM are found in some demyelinating diseases of peripheral neurons.508 In Rasmussen s encephalitis, which causes brain inflammation and epilepsy, serum antibodies attack a glutamate receptor subunit GluR3.509... 

Bee venom, administered in the form of actual bee stings, has been used to treat people with multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other disease that have an autoimmune basis.48 78 This treatment is supposed to modulate the immune response and suppress the damage caused by the activation and attack of immune cells on specific tissues.30 There is little evidence, however, that bee sting therapy can produce beneficial effects in humans.78 Additional research is needed to determine whether these treatments can promote short- or long-term benefits in persons with various autoimmune diseases. 

Several Type I and Type II interferons (IFN) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) have been approved to treat infectious diseases or malignancies by augmenting immune responses IFN-a2a (chronic hepatitis C) IFN-a2b (hepatitis C, melanoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia, hairy-cell leukemia, Kaposi s sarcoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, renal cell carcinoma) IFN-aconl (chronic hepatitis C) IFN- 31a (multiple sclerosis) IFN-pib (multiple sclerosis) IFN-ylb (malignant osteopetrosis) and IL-2 (renal cell carcinoma). 

The Destructive Alliance Interactions of Leukocytes, Cerebral Endothelial Cells, and the Immune Cascade in Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis Alireza Minagar, April Carpenter, and J. Steven Alexander... 

In addition to the effect of increased VLCFA on membrane and possibly cellular function, the rapid cerebral form of X-ALD is characterized by an inflammatory response that is believed to contribute to the demyelination that characterizes this phenotype and which is similar to that seen in multiple sclerosis. These cerebral lesions are characterized by breakdown in myelin with sparing of the axons accompanied by the accumulation of cholesterol ester in the neurons. A perivascular inflammatory response with infiltration of T cells, B cells, and macrophages also is present. Therefore, it is believed that the rapid cerebral disease has an im-munologically-mediated component. It has been suggested that the inflammatory response occurs in response to the elevated levels of VLCFA in lipids, which elicits an inflammatory cascade that may be mediated in part by cytokines. Once this cascade begins, it may be more difficult to intervene in the disease process, and in general therapeutic interventions studied to date have been most effective when initiated early. Therefore, prevention of the initiation of the immune response is important for improving outcome. 

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