Multiple sclerosis, differential

Cheeran MC, Hu S, Sheng WS, Rashid A, Peterson PK, Lokensgard JR (2005) Differential responses of human brain cells to West Nile virus infection. J Neurovirol 11 512-524 Cudrici C, Ito T, Zafranskaia E, Niculescu F, Mullen KM, Vlaicu S, Judge SI, Calabresi PA, Rus H (2007) Dendritic cells are abundant in non-lesional gray matter in multiple sclerosis. Exp Mol Pathol 83 198-206... 

Kmmbholz M, Theil D, Cepok S, Hemmer B, Kivisakk P, Ransohoff RM, Hofbauer M, Farina C, Derfuss T, Hartle C, Newcombe J, Hohlfeld R, Meinl E (2006) Chemokines in multiple sclerosis CXCL12 and CXCL13 up-regulation is differentially linked to CNS immune cell recruitment. Brain 129 200-211... 

Some aspects of multiple sclerosis are reflected in the animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which is induced by immunization of susceptible animals with appropriate encephalogenic proteins or peptides. In these animals, if cultured adult stem cell neurospheres are injected into the bloodstream, injected cells can find their way to damaged portions of the nervous system and improve function in mice. How the injected cells augmented the recovery process is unclear. One possibility is that cells recruited to the lesions differentiated into oligodendrocytes and generated new myelin sheaths, but this seems unlikely in the face of ongoing cellular destruction. 

During inflammation, permeability increases in the blood-CSF barrier, elevating levels of sICAM in the CSF. Thus, in settings of acute meningitis, multiple sclerosis, and Guillain-Barre polyradiculoneuritis, CSF concentrations of 44 /rg L 4.5 ixg L and 16.2 /rg L respectively, were measured (R8). A precise, quantitative differentiation between the serum portion and the intrathecal fraction, comparable to the immunoglobulins, is still not possible therefore, the ICAM index represents the best approximation ... 

Neuroborreliosis—especially in the initial stages, the numerical proportion of neutrophils is higher in the chronic stage, the cytological differentiation from multiple sclerosis is practically impossible. 

Stourac, R, Differential diagnostic relevance of the blood-CSE barrier function and oligoclonal IgG synthesis in cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. Clin. Biochem. Metab. 6(27), 210-212 (1998). 

Stourac, R, and Bednafova, J., Intrathecal, antiviral and oligoclonal IgG synthesis in multiple sclerosis and its significance in differential diagnosis of neurological diseases. Clin. Biochem. Metab. 8(29), 204-208 (2000). 

Shields, D.C., Schaecher, K.E., Saido, T.C., Banik, N.L., 1999, A putative mechanism of demyelination in multiple sclerosis by a proteolytic enzyme, calpain, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96,11486-11491 Shollmeyer, J., 1986, Possible role of calpain I and calpain II in differentiating muscle, Exp. Cell. Res., 163, 413 122... 

Differential Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis Halim Fadil, Roger E. Kelley, and EAuardo Gonzalez-Toledo... 

Tajouri L, Mellick AS, Tourtellotte A, Nagra RM, Griffiths LR. An examination of MS candidate genes identified as differentially regulated in multiple sclerosis plaque tissue, using absolute and comparative real-time Q-PCR analysis. Brain Res Brain Res Protoc 2005 15(2) 79—91. 

Rolak LA, Fleming JO (2007). The differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Neurologist 13 57-72... 

There are many examples of CNS diseases where a combination of more than one CSF parameter significantly improves the accuracy of the diagnosis. Neuro-inflammatory diseases, like neuroborreliosis (Tumani et al., 1995) or multiple sclerosis (Reiber et al., 1998) are representative examples. Similarly, studies have been reported showing increased sensitivity and specificity of a combination of CSF parameters in early and differential diagnoses of AD. 

In contrast to T cells, in different immunopathologies, the brain provides a fostering envkonment to B cells. Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas are usually of B cell origin. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with chronic infections and autoimmune diseases of the CNS typically contains remarkably stable oligoclonal Ig bands. In the CNS of multiple sclerosis patients, clonally expanded B cells and plasma cells persist. Ectopic B cell follicles develop in the meninges of patients with secondary progressive MS, and B cell differentiation may be recapitulated in the CNS of MS patients (Krumbholz et al., 2006) (see Chapters 18-24). 

The use of neural stem cells in remyelinating therapy has been explored by many researchers. Pluchino et al. (2003) successfully used adult neural stem cells to promote functional recovery in a multiple sclerosis model. Transplanted neural stem cells showed the ability to selectively reach the demy-elinating areas, where they differentiated into axon-ensheathing oligodendrocytes and achieved extensive remyehnation (Pluchino et al., 2003). 

Wu XM, Osoegawa M, Yamasaki K, Kawano Y, Oclii H, Horiuclii I, Minohai a M, Ohyagi Y, Yamada T, ICira JI (2000) Flow cytometric differentiation of Asian and Western types of multiple sclerosis, HTLV-1-associated myelopatliy/ti opical spastic pai apai esis (HAM/TSP) and hyperlgEaemic myelitis by analyses of memory CD4 positive T cell subsets and NK cell subsets. J Neurol Sci 177 24-31. 

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