Putative mechanisms

Fig. 3. Putative mechanism of PGH synthase action on arachidonic acid.

Waddington, JL (1989) Functional interactions between Di and D2 dopamine receptor systems their role in the regulation of psychomotor behaviour, putative mechanisms and clinical relevance. J. Psychopharm. 3 54-63. 

There are two putative mechanisms whereby bacteria become resistant to polychlorinated phenols. These are illustrated by the following examples ... 

Blier P., Abbott F. V. (2001). Putative mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs in affective and anxiety disorders and pain. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 26, 37-43. 

Niacin reduces plasma LDL cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), triglycerides and raises HDL cholesterol in all types of hyperlipoproteinemia [26]. Although available on the market for more than 40 years, the mechanisms of action of niacin are poorly understood. Putative mechanisms are the activation of adipose tissue LPL, diminished HTGL activity, a reduced hepatic production and release of VLDL, and composi-... 

Caspi, S., Halimi, M., Yanai, A., Sasson, S. B., Taraboulos, A., and Gabizon, R. (1998). The anti-prion activity of Congo red. Putative mechanism./. Biol. Chem. 273, 3484-3489. Caughey, B., and Race, R. E. (1992). Potent inhibition of scrapie-associated PrP accumulation by Congo red./. Neurochem. 59, 768-771. 

In this chapter, we first describe amyloid fibril polymorphism as seen by EM. We then show how SFM was used to depict intermediate stages of amyloid fibril assembly. Finally, we discuss the putative mechanism that might explain the cytotoxicity induced by these assembly intermediates. 

This approach offers two opportunities to discover clinically relevant compounds. The first is the compounds identified directly in the Cytection screens. Second, appreciating that these compounds have the desirable biological endpoints, they can be used as "molecular probes" to determine their putative mechanism(s) of action. This "reverse drug discovery"9 identifies "validated" targets that can be the basis for mechanistic screens that could lead to the discovery of additional compounds. 

Moreover, Althusser argues, such systems of ideas must be material, not just synapses in the brain, since they are embodied, institutionalized, repeated, and lived. You have to act them out. Social agents have ideas (e.g., lawn aesthetics) but these are also actions (e.g., chemical application) and part of a practice (e.g., lawn care). These practices, Althusser adds, in his somewhat off-putting mechanical terminology, are defined by the material ideological apparatus, a whole system of ideas through which the elements of the economy (labor, chemicals, surpluses, etc.) are represented back to individuals as a necessity and a sensible, immediate, daily way of life (home, community, and nature). 

AS-ODN are designed to be complementary to the coding (sense) sequence of the mRNA in the cell. After hybridization to target sequences, translational arrest occurs via one of several putative mechanisms. The first mechanism is inhibition of transcription. Secondly, AS-ODN can prevent the synthesis of fully mature mRNA in the cytosol at the level of splicing. 

Oarbamazepine is increasingly recognized as an effective treatment for bipolar affective illness, whereas the data on nimodipine and related calcium channel blockers [CCBs] are much more preliminary. In this chapter, we review data on the efficacy and putative mechanisms of action of carbamazepine and nimodipine in the recurrent affective disorders. 

Few data are available to guide this decision beyond clinical experience. There is a modest amount of evidence that nonresponders to TCAs, principally desipramine or imipramine, alone may respond to a SSRI alone and vice versa (136). No compelling evidence exists showing that nonresponders to one SSRI as a result of a lack of efficacy will respond to a second trial with another SSRI. There is limited confidence in the results of studies that have been done switching nonresponders from one SSRI to another for two reasons. First, virtually all have been open label and, second, most were conducted by the manufacturer of the second SSRI. Until there is more substantive evidence that switching from one SSRI to another is worthwhile, it may be more prudent to switch to a class of antidepressants with a different putative mechanism of action. 

Mianserin and its analogue, mirtazapine (i.e., 6-azo-mianserin), are tetracyclic compounds and differ from other antidepressants in terms of the putative mechanism responsible for their antidepressant efficacy (171). Mianserin is the older drug and is marketed in several countries around the world but not in the United States. 

Mirtazapine has been on the market in the United States since August 1996, and it is available in several other countries. The putative mechanism of action mediating antidepressant activity is the blockade of several serotonin receptors (i.e., 5-HT 2a and 5-HT2c) and a2-adrenergic receptors (172). The latter effect increases NE... 

Fig. 5 Putative mechanism of citrate synthase.4 A low-barrier hydrogen bond helps to stabilize the enol and tetrahedral intermediates.

Gugliucci, A. and L. Ghitescu, 2002, Is diabetic hypercoagulability an acquired annexinopathy Glycation of annexin II as a putative mechanism for impaired fibrinolysis in diabetic patients. Med. Hypotheses 59, 247-251. 

Shields, D.C., Schaecher, K.E., Saido, T.C., Banik, N.L., 1999, A putative mechanism of demyelination in multiple sclerosis by a proteolytic enzyme, calpain, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96,11486-11491 Shollmeyer, J., 1986, Possible role of calpain I and calpain II in differentiating muscle, Exp. Cell. Res., 163, 413 122... 

FIGURE 14-3 Putative mechanism of opioid action on peripheral nerve terminals. See text for discussion. 

Benzyl-l,2,3-triazole 1-oxides are prone to undergo ring opening when treated with strong bases. Thus 2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-l,2/3-triazole 1-oxide 445 upon treatment with LDA at -78°C in the absence of electrophiles gives rise to 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol 447 as the solely isolable product. A putative mechanism for this transformation is shown in Scheme 128. 

Scheme 5.11 A putative mechanism for the PEG6000(NBu3Br)2— catalyzed cycloaddition of CO2 with aziridine. Reprinted with the permission from Ref. [46]. Copyright 2008 American Chemical Society...

The putative mechanism involves coordination and activation of the lactide by the metal complex (1, Fig. 2). The lactide, once activated, is subsequently attacked by the metal alkoxide group (another way to view this is that lactide inserts into the metal alkoxide bond) (2, Fig. 2). The putative intermediate then undergoes ring opening of the lactide, by an acyl bond cleavage, and a new metal alkoxide bond is... 

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