Chronic staging

Takeuchi T. 1977. Neuropathology of Minimata disease in Kumamoto especially at the chronic stage. In Roizin L, Shiraki H, Grcevic N, editors, Neurotoxicology. New York Raven Press. 

The drugs most frequently used in the treatment of Chagas disease are nifurtimox and benzni-dazole. But both of them have very low antiparasitic activity in the chronic stage of the disease and... 

Nickel itch is a dermatitis resulting from sensitization to nickel the first symptom is usually pruritis, which occurs up to 7 days before skin eruption appears. The primary skin eruption is erythematous, or follicular it may be followed by superficial discrete ulcers that discharge and become crusted or by eczema. The eruptions may spread to areas related to the activity of the primary site such as the elbow flexure, eyelids, or sides of the neck and face. In the chronic stages, pigmented or depigmented plaques may be formed. Nickel sensitivity, once acquired, is apparently not lost of 100 patients with positive patch tests to nickel, all reacted to the metal when retested 10 years later. ... 

Neuroborreliosis—especially in the initial stages, the numerical proportion of neutrophils is higher in the chronic stage, the cytological differentiation from multiple sclerosis is practically impossible. 

Lymphocytic oligocytosis— in its chronic stage plasmocytic response is usually present. 

Tar preparations are used mainly in the treatment of psoriasis, dermatitis, and lichen simplex chronicus. The phenolic constituents endow these compounds with antipruritic properties, making them particularly valuable in the treatment of chronic lichenified dermatitis. Acute dermatitis with vesiculation and oozing may be irritated by even weak tar preparations, which should be avoided. However, in the subacute and chronic stages of dermatitis and psoriasis, these preparations are quite useful and offer an alternative to the use of topical corticosteroids. 

Hyaluronidase Local edema (subacute and chronic stage] Appears to increase permeability in connective tissue by hydrolyzing hyaluronic acid, thus decreasing encapsulation and allowing disbursement of local edema Reconstitute with 0.9% sodium chloride to provide a 150 mg/ mL solution from positive pole ... 

The final stage of alcoholism is the chronic stage. The alcoholic begins to suffer physical decline as a result of drinking, and may develop illnesses like liver disease or heart failure. There is the risk of overdose or possible suicide as the individual sees no way out of this malady. 

Several investigators have reported a generalized increase in the immunoglobulins in both acute and chronic stages of schizophrenia, although not all investigators have been able to confirm this. There is some evidence that antibrain antibodies which could selectively destroy specific types of... 

Hayakawa K, Takemura G, Kanoh M, Li Y, Koda M, Kawase Y, et al. Inhibition of granulation tissue cell apoptosis during the subacute stage of myocardial infarction improves cardiac remodeling and dysfunction at the chronic stage. Circulation 2003 108 104-109. 

Leukemia specialists recognize four types of the disease. Distinctions between acute and chronic stages of... 

The minuta and magna forms excreted in the faeces in intestinal amoebiasis are usually not infectious, as they perish rapidly in the stools once they have been excreted. Today, differentiation can be made between the two forms using molecular biology techniques. Only the cysts are responsible for transmission, but they are not present in the stool in the acute phase infection from the cysts is transmitted by the faecal-oral route and hence only in the symptom-free, chronic stage of the disease. An exact incubation period has not been defined. The latent period may last for several years. 

In the chronic stages there is dryness and scaling, with Assuring areas. 

Hallmark histopathologic lesions, including granular casts at subchronic time-points and linear papillary mineralization at chronic stages, should be observed. 

Pyelonephritis develops as a result of bacterial infection or from retrograde infection through the ureter. In the acute stage, bacterial infection is accompanied with infiltration with inflammatory cells and the development of edema. Obstructive nephropathy develops in chronic stages of bacterial infection. 

Laboratory diagnosis of Chagas disease is complex, primarily because of the genetically diverse and polymorphous parasite. PCR is not always able to detect the specific DNA because of intermittent or low levels of parasites in the blood stream during the chronic stage. Radio-immuno-precipitation assay (RIPA), a highly specific test with easily interpreted results, has been a confirmatory test used in the... 

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