Multiple defense

Kubanek J, Whalen KE, Engel S, Kelly SR, Henkel TP, Fenical W, Pawlik JR (2002) Multiple defensive roles for triterpene glycosides from two Caribbean sponges. Oecologia 131 125-136... 

The neurosensory retina is an immune privileged tissue situated in a highly protected compartment with multiple defense lines (Figure 24.3). Like brain neurons, the retinal neurons... 

As we have discussed, a variety of compounds from all classes of marine algae have now been tested for their effects on feeding by many different temperate and tropical herbivores. Many of these compounds effectively deter feeding by herbivores. However, there is considerable variance in the responses of different types of herbivores to even very similar compounds. Some metabolites inhibit feeding by most herbivores, whereas other compounds deter only a few herbivores.21,24 There is also considerable variation among different herbivores, even closely related species, in their responses to secondary metabolites from seaweeds. Thus, as the diversity of herbivore species increases, the probability of having herbivores that are not affected by any particular chemical defense undoubtedly increases. In these cases, complex mixtures of secondary metabolites253 or multiple defenses may be particularly important.27,29,31... 

Greenberg JT, Guo AL, Klessig DF, Ausubel FM (1994) Programmed Cell-Death in Plants - A Pathogen-Triggered Response Activated Coordinately with Multiple Defense Functions. Cell 77 551... 

Flawed decisions may also result from limitations in the boundaries of the operator s or designer s model. Decision makers may simply have too narrow a view of the system their decisions will impact. Recall figure 2.2 and the discussion of the Herald of Free Enterprise accident. The boundaries of the system model relevant to a particular decision maker may depend on the activities of several other decision makers found within the total system [167], Accidents may result from the interaction and side effects of their decisions based on their limited model. Before an accident, it will be difficult for the individual decision makers to see the full picture during their daily operational decision making and to judge the current state of the multiple defenses and safety margins that are partly dependent on decisions made by other people in other departments and organizations [167]. 

Hammerschmidt, R. J.C. Schultz. 1996. Multiple defenses and signals in plant defense against pathogens and herbivores. In Phytochemical Diversity and Redundancy in Ecological Interactions, eds. J.T. Romeo, J.A. Saunders P. Barbosa, pp. 121-154, Plenum Press, New York. 

Defense-in-depth is the provision for multiple defenses (or safety features) as mitigations against a hazard or a top-level mishap (TLM). This approach is similar to the layers of protection (LOP) concept. Defense-in-depth is a design approach taken to preclude single failures from causing a particular UE through the incorporation of various LOP. Protection methods may include any one or more of the following ... 

The safety principles and criteria used ia the design and constmction of the faciUties which implement the nuclear fuel cycle are analogous to those which govern the nuclear power plant. The principles of multiple barriers and defense-ia-depth are appHed with rigorous self-checking and regulatory overview (17,34). However, the operational and regulatory experience is more limited. 

Sharp BM (2003) Opioid receptor expression and intracellular signaling by cells involved in host defense and immunity. Adv Exp Med Biol 521 98-105 Sharp BM (2006) Multiple opioid receptors on immune cells modulate intracellular signaling. Brain Behav Immun 20 9-14... 

Adverse effects associated with multiple chemical exposures associated with rocket testing at a commercial defense test facility. This study evaluated the excess mortality of workers employed at a rocket test site over a period beginning in the 1950s. Excess lung cancer was identified in this cohort of workers and their health outcomes were possibly associated with exposure to hydrazines, nitrosamines, asbestos, trichloroethylene, and other chemicals. 

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