Response triggering

Inflammation—Set of responses triggered by the immune system when white blood cells congregate around a wound or other threat of infection. Inflamed tissue is warm, red, swollen, and painful. 

The MAPK cascade in the plant s defense against bacterial pathogens is remarkably similar to the innate immune response triggered by bacterial lipopolysac-charide and mediated by the Toll-like receptors in mammals (Fig. 12-30b). Other membrane receptors use similar mechanisms to activate a MAPK cascade, ultimately activating transcription factors and turning on the genes essential to the defense response. 

Anaphylactic shock, the most severe type of anaphylaxis, occurs when an allergic response triggers a quick release from mast cells of large quantities of immunological mediators (histamines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes), leading to systemic vasodilation (associated with a sudden drop in blood pressure) and bronchoconstriction (difficulty in breathing). Anaphylactic shock can lead to death in a matter of minutes if untreated. 

Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cell of the CNS, can display innate immune responses triggered by a variety of insults (Xiao and Link, 1999 Becher et al.,... 

Studies in animals indicate that asbestosis stems from the inflammatory response triggered in the lung by the deposition of asbestos fibers (Davis 1970 Quinlan et al. 1995), and that the inflammatory response to asbestos is enhanced by multiple exposures to asbestos fibers (Coin et al. 1996). Fibers deposited in the... 

PROTECT, as currently implemented for WMATA, relies on human-in-the-loop response and decision making, except for the initial automated camera response triggered by sensors. Verification of detection, performed by staff in the operational control center (alerted to do so by the sensor alarm), is a necessary first step before any responsive actions are taken. CB-EMIS has been developed as a situational awareness tool where all event and supplemental (such as data on hazardous chemicals) information can be accessed and displayed. CB-EMIS also provides estimates of threat agent dispersion, the location of hazardous areas, and predetermined response strategies. These functions provide important inputs to the response decision making. 

Fig. 1. Luminescence images of obelin regulated by Caz+ in HeLa cell. A and B Early and late responses of Ca2+ triggered by ATP, C Ca2+ response triggered by...

The last three years have expanded insight as to how lymphocytes respond to antigens or xenobiotics, and also the knowledge of the pathophysiology of renal diseases. This provides new clues on the mechanisms by which chemically induced immune responses trigger kidney lesions. First, we will discuss the general mechanisms that could be responsible for drug-induce immune nephropathies. The role of Thl and Th2 CD4+ T-cell subsets in the development of nephropathies will be also debated. Then, we will describe the types of immune nephropathy than can be induced by xenobiotics in patients. Finally, we will focus on experimental models of chemical-induced systemic... 

Considerable evidence Indicates that a similar mechanism of translational control plays a role in learning and memory. In the central nervous system, the axons from a thousand or so neurons can make connections (synapses) with the dendrites of a single postsynaptic neuron (see Figure 7-48). When one of these axons is stimulated, the postsynaptic neuron remembers which synapse was stimulated. The next time that synapse is stimulated, the strength of the response triggered in the postsynaptic cell differs from the first time. This change in response has been shown to result largely from the translational activation of mRNAs stored in the... 

Zhi, L., Leung, B.P., and Melendez, A.J., Sphingosine kinase 1 regulates pro-inflammatory responses triggered by TNFalpha in primary human monocytes, J Cell Physiol, 208 (2006) 109-115. 

To contact host skin and invade, schistosome cercariae follow a thermal gradient and then use an elegantly adapted penetration response triggered by specific fatty acids present on the skin (29-31). Specific free fatty acids like linoleic acid will stimulate cercariae to invade in vitro. Whether this is receptor-mediated is not known, but cercariae can metabolize linoleic acid to eicosanoids (29), which are potential second messengers . Upon stimulation cercariae lose their glyocalyx and tails and release a protease from preacetabular gland cells to facilitate invasion. 

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