Monocyte colony stimulating factor

Erythropoiesis is a process that starts with a pluripotent stem cell in the bone marrow that eventually differentiates into an erythroid colony-forming unit (CFU-E)4 (Fig. 63-1). The development of these cells depends on stimulation from the appropriate growth factors, primarily erythropoietin. Other cytokines involved include granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 3 (IL-3). Eventually, the CFU-Es differentiate into reticulocytes and cross from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood. Finally, these reticulocytes mature into erythrocytes after 1 to 2 days in the bloodstream. Throughout this process, the cells gradually accumulate more hemoglobin and lose their nuclei.4... 

Oxidized LDL provokes an inflammatory response mediated by a number of chemoattractants and cytokines (e.g., monocyte colony-stimulating factor, intercellular adhesion molecule, platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factors, interleukin-1, interleukin-6). 

Figure 3 Cytokine secretion in immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza viro-somes (IRIV)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PBMC from a healthy donor were cultured in the absence of stimuli (Neg) or in the presence of IRIV (V, 1 50 diluted) or control liposomes (L, 1 50 diluted). On days 1, 2, and 4 supernatants were harvested and the concentrations of interferon-y (A), GM-CSF (B), TNF-a (C), and interleukin-4 (D) were determined by ELISA. Abbreviations GM-CSF, granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor-a. Source From Ref. 6.

Gilmore GL, Shadduck RK, 1995. Inhibition of day-12 spleen colony-forming units by a monoclonal antibody to the murine macrophage/monocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor. Blood 85 2731... 

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor Monocyte colony-stimulating factor Tumor necrosis factor- a Tumor necrosis factor- P... 

Zifovudine (AZT) treatment suppresses granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor receptor type alpha (GM-CSFRa) gene expression in murine bone marrow cells. Lfe Sciences, 71, 967-978. 

Munker R, Gasson J, Ogawa M, Koeffler HR Recombinant human TNF induces production of granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor. Nature 1986,323,79-82. 

LPL M-CSFR MHC MHC-II MMCP MMP NG2 PDGF PPAR RANK Sca-1 SM22 L lipoprotein monocyte - colony stimulation factor receptor myosin heavy chain MHC class II mouse mast cell protease metalloproteinase proteoglycan heparan-sulfate related to pericytes activity platelet-derived growth factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma receptor activator of NF-kappa 3 stem cell antigen 1 smooth cell protein structurally related to calponin, both actin and tropomyosin ligands... 

After binding and phagocytosis, alveolar macrophages and monocytes release pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g. lL-1, interferon-y and tumor necrosis factor-a (fig. 1). These cytokines activate resident cells (epithelial cells, fibroblasts) to produce chemokines such as lL-8, granulocyte-monocyte-colony-stimulating factor, RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) that will result in a second wave of cell recruitment (mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells). 

Figure 31.4. Time course of cellular and molecular activation folowing stroke. Diagrammatic representation of the time course of cellular activation (PNL, polymorphonuclear leukocytes M( ), macrophages) and inflammatory molecular expression (GM, granulocyte and monocyte colony-stimulating factor ICAM, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 VCAM, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor a IL-1 3, interleukin 1(3 lL-6, interleukin 6 IL-8, interleukin 8 lL-10, interleukin 10) in human brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood after stroke. Reproduced from Nilupul Perera M, Ma HK, Arakawa S, Howells DW, Markus R, Rowe CC, Donnan GA (2006). Inflammation following stroke. J Clin Neurosci, 13 1-8 (with permission from Elsevier).

Shahar E, Krivoy N, Pollack S. Effective acute desensitization for immediate-type hypersensitivity to human granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999 83(6 Pt l) 543-6. 

Mehregan DR, Fransway AF, Edmonson JH, Leiferman KM. Cutaneous reactions to granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor. Arch Dermatol 1992 128(8) 1055-9. 

Granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and Interleukin-4 (IL-4)... 

Osteoblasts around bony microcracks are induced to express two cytokines monocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (mCSF) which is secreted and Osteoclast Differentiating Factor (ODF) which is mainly on the cell surface. The mCSF stimulates microcrack-adherent monocytes to proliferate and fuse into large multinucleated cells (preosteoclasts) that express Osteoclast Differentiation and Activation Receptor (ODAR). 

Fig. 10.5 Osteoclast differentiation factors. Osteoblasts make monocyte colony stimulating factor (mCSF) that induces bone adherent monocytes carrying the corresponding receptor (mCSF Receptor) to fuse into osteoclast precursors (preosteoclasts). Preosteoclasts develop within the periosteum and are detectable by their expression of the osteoclast differentiation and activation receptor (ODAR). Osteoblasts also make cell-membrane bound and soluble osteoclast differentiation factors (ODF and sODF) that react with ODAR to cause preosteoclast differentiation. Finally, osteoblasts make osteoclast inhibition factor (OCIF), also called osteoprotegerin, which acts as an ODF decoy receptor and prevents ODF or sODF reacting with ODAR. ODAR is commonly referred to as RANK and ODF as the RANK ligand (RANKL) in the literature (see text)...

LRP Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein MCP-1 Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 M-CSF Monocyte colony-stimulating factor MI Myocardial infarction... 

Patients who are neutropenic at the time of developing candidemia should receive a recombinant cytokine (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor) that accelerates recovery from neutropenia. 

Briefly, lactotransferrin has been shown to be involved in numerous inflammatory events (for reviews, see refs. [179,180]) and in immune response functions such as regulation of granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor synthesis with suppression of myelopoiesis by inhibition of the production of IL-1 (for a review, see ref [181]),... 

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