Monitoring and Verification

Methods must be devised for assessing carbon dioxide losses during transfer operations and also the leakage rates from each type of store. Several techniques are available or under development but these vary in applicability, site specificity and detection limits. The formulation of protocols for monitoring the hazards associated with carbon dioxide capture and transfer does not appear to present fundamentally new challenges, as similar protocols are part of standard environmental health and safety practices for toxic gases. 

---

An extensive world-class monitoring and verification (M V) program (Hennig et al. 2008), of which the present work is but a component, was initiated before injection started to (1) document the natural state of the formation water, groundwater, soils and atmosphere, (2) monitor migration of... 

Storage costs basically include screening and exploration costs, well-drilling costs and injection equipment and flowline costs. On top of that come costs for measurement, monitoring and verification (MMV) of C02 storage. There is a large variation for the storage cost estimations of C02. Some indications can be found, for example,... 

Plant demonstration, monitoring and verification of operative behaviour of cells using different fuels. 

Cost estimates for phytoremediation vary widely. One estimate for phytoextraction included 10,000 per acre for planting, with total remediation costs estimated at 60,000 to 100,000 per acre. Total costs included expenses associated with maintenance, monitoring, and verification testing. Another estimate placed phytoremediation costs at 80/yd of contaminated soil (D131431). Cleanup costs for an acre of metal-contaminated soil were estimated to range from 60,000 to 100,000. This estimate assumes remediation to a depth of 50 cm. In contrast, excavation and disposal storage without treatment for a comparable site would cost at least 400,000 (D16482T). 

Quality surveillance refers to the continued monitoring and verification of the status of procedures, methods, conditions, processes, products and services, and analysis of records in relation to stated references to ensure that specified requirements for quality are being met. 

Monitoring and verification of combustion performance, with continuous surveillance of key design and operating parameters. 

On 15 April 1991 the Director General created an Action Team to implement Resolution 687 specifically to pursue the identification and elimination of activities in Iraq aimed at the acquisition of nuclear weapon capability and the ongoing monitoring and verification of Iraq to ensure no resumption of a nuclear weapons programme (Zifferero, 1994). 

The IAEA will gradually phase in all the elements of the ongoing monitoring and verification plan, which consists of a package of activities and techniques such as ... 

The Requirements Management System is a necessary precondition for the organisation, management, coordination, inspection and evaluation of the extensive project, both from the viewpoint of the contractor and customer, as well as from the viewpoint of the national regulatory body. It is a tool for systematic identification, requirement structuring, communication, control, monitoring and verification of user... 

Such storage projects are carefully tracked through measurement, monitoring and verification procedures both during and after the period when the carbon dioxide is being injected. These procedures address the effectiveness and safety of storage activities and the behavior of the injected carbon dioxide underground. 

Royal Decree 1315/2005, establishing the bases of the greenhouse gas emissions monitoring and verification systems in facilities. BOE 136, 4 November 2005. 

---