Molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction

The application of MIPs as the stationary phase in solid-phase extraction (SPE), often referred to as molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction (MIS P E), is a rapidly growing area [197-199]. With MISPE, highly specific enrichment of substances present at trace levels is possible. The technique has been applied to the analysis of drugs, for example, caffeine [200], scopolamine [201], naproxen [202], tetracycline [203], cholesterol [204] and local anesthetics [205], as well as environmental pollutants, exemplified by organophosphate flame retardants [206-208], triazines in soil and vegetable samples [71] and naphthalene sulfonates in river water [209]. 

E.C. Figueiredo, R. Sparrapan, G.B. Sanvido, M.G. Santos, M.A.Z. Arruda and M.N. Eberhn, Quantitation of drugs via molecularly imprinted polymer solid phase extraction and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry benzodiazepines in human plasma. Analyst, 136 (18) 3753-3757, 2011. 

W. M. Mullett, P. Martin, and J. Pawliszyn, In-Tube Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Solid-Phase Microextraction for the Selective Determination of Propranolol, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 2383 N. Masque, R. M. Marce, F. Borrull, P. A. G. Cormack, and D. C. Sherrington, Synthesis and Evaluation of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Solid-Phase Extraction of 4-Nitrophenol from Environmental Water, Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 4122. 

B.B. Prasad, M.P. Tiwari, R. Madhuri and P.S. Sharma, Enatioselective quantitative separation of D- and L-thyroxine by molecularly imprinted micro-solid phase extraction silver fiber coupled with complementary molecularly imprinted polymer-sensor, / Chromatogr. 

Caro, E., R.M. Marce, P.S.G. Cormack, D.C. Sherrington, and F. Borrull. 2003. On-line solid-phase extraction with molecularly imprinted polymers to selectively extract substituted 4-chlorophenols and 4-nitrophenol from water. J. Chromatogr. A 995 233-238. 

The in situ molecular imprinting protocol employing dispersion polymerisation has some advantageous features. The dispersion polymer can be removed from a column and re-packed when a column is damaged after repeated use. Back-pressure of agglomerated polymer particles is less problematic therefore, this in situ method can be applied to a wider range of analytical techniques. Here, two applications of in situ dispersion polymer, solid phase extraction (SPE) and CE are described. 

The growing interest in secondary metabolites of plants leads to the requirement of the development on analytical method for the secondary product analysis. Chromatographic procedures for the determination of alkaloids have been well established. Based on the literatures published in past years, further improvement of the current methods for the analysis of Catharanthus alkaloids are needed [4]. Besides, the chemical complexity and unique bisindole alkaloid structure of the aforementioned molecules hindered their laboratorial synthesis. The isolation of VLB and VCR is laborious and costly, mainly due to their low contents in the plant and coexistence in a large number of other alkaloids [5]. Therefore, it is important for separation, identihcation, and quantiflcation of these Catharanthus alkaloids. The methods of extraction and purification were focused on liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and molecularly imprinted polymers (MlPs)-based extraction. For separation, GC is not suitable for the bisindole alkaloids due to their high boiling point. The major methods for analysis of Catharanthus alkaloids are liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). 

D. Djozan and T. Baheri, Preparation and evaluation of solid-phase microextraction fibers based on monolithic molecularly imprinted polymers for selective extraction of diacetyl-morphine and analogous compounds, / Chromatogr. A, 1166 (1-2) 16-23,2007. 

The most widely employed techniques for the extraction of water samples for triazine compounds include liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), and liquid-solid extraction (LSE). Although most reports involving SPE are off-line procedures, there is increasing interest and subsequently increasing numbers of reports regarding on-line SPE, the goal of which is to improve overall productivity and safety. To a lesser extent, solid-phase microextraction (SPME), supercritical fluid extraction (SEE), semi-permeable membrane device (SPMD), and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) techniques have been reported. 

L.I. Andersson, in Solid Phase Extraction on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Requirements, Achievements and Future Work, S. Piletsky and A. Turner (Eds.), Landes Biosciences, New York, 2006. 

Currently, perhaps the most promising approach based on the use of molecularly imprinted polymers is solid phase extraction (SPE). Traditionally, when complex samples require a clean-up/enrichment step prior to high-resolution analysis,... 

Synthesis and Characterisation of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles for Streptomycin for Use as Solid Phase Extraction Materials... 

Andersson LI. Molecular imprinting for drug bioanalysis, a review on the application of imprinted polymers to solid-phase extraction and binding assay. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 2000 739 163-173. 

Abstract Most analytical applications of molecularly imprinted polymers are based on their selective adsorption properties towards the template or its analogs. In chromatography, solid phase extraction and electrochromatography this adsorption is a dynamic process. The dynamic process combined with the nonlinear adsorption isotherm of the polymers and other factors results in complications which have limited the success of imprinted polymers. This chapter explains these problems and shows many examples of successful applications overcoming or avoiding the problems. 

Sellergren B (1999) Polymer- and template-related factors influencing the efficiency in molecularly imprinted solid-phase extractions. TrAC, Trends Anal Chem 18(3) 164—174... 

Andersson LI (2001) Selective solid-phase extraction of bio- and environmental samples using molecularly imprinted polymers. Bioseparation 10(6) 353—364... 

Masque N, Marce RM, Borrull F (2001) Molecularly imprinted polymers new tailor-made materials for selective solid-phase extraction. TrAC, Trends Anal Chem 20(9) 477 186... 

Tamayo FG, Turiel E, Martin-Esteban A (2007) Molecularly imprinted polymers for solid-phase extraction and solid-phase microextraction recent developments and future trends. J Chromatogr A 1152(l-2) 32 i0... 

Pichon V, Haupt K (2006) Affinity separations on molecularly imprinted polymers with special emphasis on solid-phase extraction. J Liq Chromatogr Related Technol 29(7—8) 989—1023... 

Caro E et al (2006) Application of molecularly imprinted polymers to solid-phase extraction of compounds from environmental and biological samples. TrAC, Trends Anal Chem 25(2) 143-154... 

Caro E et al (2002) Non-covalent and semi-covalent molecularly imprinted polymers for selective on-line solid-phase extraction of 4-nitrophenol from water samples. J Chromatogr A 963(1-2) 169-178... 

Koeber R et al (2001) Evaluation of a multidimensional solid-phase extraction platform for highly selective on-line cleanup and high-throughput LC-MS analysis of triazines in river water samples using molecularly imprinted polymers. Anal Chem 73(11) 2437-2444... 

Chapuis F et al (2004) Retention mechanism of analytes in the solid-phase extraction process using molecularly imprinted polymers - application to the extraction of triazines from complex matrices. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 804(1) 93-101... 

Cobb Z, Sellergren B, Andersson LI (2007) Water-compatible molecularly imprinted polymers for efficient direct injection on-line solid-phase extraction of ropivacaine and bupivacaine from human plasma. Analyst 132(12) 1262—1271... 

STEVENSON D (1999), Molecular imprinted polymers for solid-phase extraction , Trends Anal Chem, 18, 154-159. 

While the above-described sorbents are essentially nonspecific and designed to allow extraction of a wide range of analytes, there are also sorbent phases that are selective toward individual analytes, or at least classes of analytes. These are immunoaffinity (IA) sorbents and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). In the first case, antibodies are immobilized on the solid support used for extraction, and the selective (in the ideal case specific) biochemical interactions allow an antigen to bind selectively to the antibody, whereas the other sample constituents are not retained and... 

Zhu, Q. Z., P. Degelmann, R. Niessner, and D. Knopp. 2002. Selective trace analysis of sulfonylurea herbicides in water and soil samples based on solid-phase extraction using a molecularly imprinted polymer. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36 5411-5420. 

Sellergren, B. (2001) Molecularly imprinted polymers in solid-phase extractions. In Lanza, F. (Ed.) Molecularly Imprinted Polymers-Man-made Mimics of Antibodies and Their Applications in Analytical Chemistrf. Techniques and Instrumentation in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 23, Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL. 

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