Moisture fluctuations

The study by Heaton et al. [16] suggested that the optimum harvest date of the pecan is not necessarily associated with levels of natural kernel moisture. The authors generalized that sap moisture fluctuates with sequences of wet and dry weather and cannot be relied upon as a guide to harvest. Heaton et al. [16] concluded that an early harvest leads to improved color and flavor... 

Figure 10.2 A typical cross-section of pavement protection from moisture fluctuation and lowering the water table in a cut.

Since extrapolation to a 50 year creep compliance or creep modulus depends critically on the short-term behavior, the moisture effects can potentially give significant errors, particularly if there is a one-time absorption of moisture into initially dry specimens. In tensile creep tests conducted over a two-year time period [7], the moisture fluctuations in the... 

For a coarse-grained (particle containing) graphite, the system depicted in Figure 1 is typical. The nin-of-kiln coke is brought in on railroad cars and emptied into pits where the coke is conveyed to an elevator. The elevator feeds a second conveyor that empties the coke into any one of a number of storage silos where the coke is kept dry. The manufacturer usually specifies a maximum moisture content in the incoming coke at about 0.1—0.2% to ensure that mix compositions are not altered by fluctuations in moisture content. 

Although equihbrium capacity is the prime concern, few of these closed systems are truly static. Even closed systems have dynamic features or other nonsteady-state aspects, such as temperature fluctuations, moisture ingression, and drydown rates. 

Significant changes in the moisture content in the drum due to recycle fluctuations (recycle of diy granules in fertilizer granulation) [Zhang et al., Control of Pai ticulate Processes TV (1995)]. 

When the operating conditions are uniform and steady (there are no fluctuations in flow rate or in concentration of CO in the gas stream), the continuous sampling method can be used. A sampling probe is placed in the stack at any location, preferably near the center. The sample is extracted at a constant sampling rate. As the gas stream passes through the sampling apparatus, any moisture or carbon dioxide in the sample gas stream is removed. The CO concentration is then measured by a nondispersive infrared analyzer, which gives direct readouts of CO concentrations. 

Bigger is not better when it comes to heating and cooling equipment. Oversized equipment is not only more expensive to purchase but it also can reduce comfort. The most prevalent examples are the rapid temperature fluctuations and humidity control problems caused by frequent on/oft cycling of oversized equipment. Poor dehumidification occurs because the cooling coils do not sustain cold temperatures long enough to effectively condense moisture out of the air. 

Temperature Although ambient temperature would be expected to have an influence on the rate of rusting, its effect is not clearly defined despite the efforts of workers to establish a relationship . It has an effect on relative humidity and consequently an indirect effect on corrosion. However, fluctuations in temperature may be more important than average temperatures because they influence condensation and the rate of drying of moisture in contact with steel. 

The growth of lactose crystals in ice cream results in a serious texture defect known as sandiness. It is usually caused by temperature fluctuations, high serum solids in the mix, and high cabinet storage temperatures. The ratio of serum solids and moisture must be controlled. Hydrocolloids have some effect on controlling sandiness, but not as much as proper handling techniques and formulation. 

Biological activity from insects, lizards, snakes and rodents is limited as well, and mainly concentrates in the deeper soil layers where moisture remains relatively high and temperature fluctuations are reduced. 

Seasonal fluctuations in soil microbial biomass can occur due to changes in the amount of substrates, and temperature and moisture (Dalai... 

In general, unless a local reservoir (i.e., intermediate host that may or may not be affected by the virus) is established, pathogens are easily killed by unfavorable environmental factors such as fluctuations in temperature, humidity, food sources, or ultraviolet light. For this reason, their persistency is generally limited to days. However, freeze-dried pathogens can remain in a preserved state almost indefinitely and are reactivated when exposed to moisture. 

A food system can experience rather large fluctuations in temperature during its lifetime, depending on a variety of factors, such as the location and time of year the product is manufactured and the conditions of distribution, storage, and display. For example, if a food product, such as an intermediate moisture cheese, is manufactured and packaged with an aw] equal to 0.66 at... 

The biomass is fed overbed through multiple feed chutes using air jets to help distribute the fuel over the surface of the bed. Variable-speed screw conveyors are usually used to meter the fuel feed rate and control steam output. Feedstocks such as bark and waste wood are chipped to a top size of 25 mm (1 in) to ensure complete combustion. The bed usually consists of sand around 1 m (3 ft) deep. This serves to retain the fuel in the furnace, extending its in-furnace residence time and increasing combustion efficiency. It also provides a heat sink to help maintain bed temperature during periods of fluctuating fuel moisture content. 

The microbially mediated transformation of inorganic contaminants encompasses a broad spectrum of compounds. Here, we survey only a few contaminants that have a major impact on the subsurface, such as nitrates, phosphates, and toxic metals. In the subsurface, the microbial population distribution generally decreases with depth, and the moisture content and aerobic-anaerobic states fluctuate with time, affected by climatic conditions, depth of groundwater, and human intervention. 

Off-design operation. This arises especially from backpressure (vacuum), inlet pressure, extraction pressure, or moisture. Many failures are caused by overload, off-design speed, and flow fluctuations. 

Soils with high moisture or clay contents may reduce the efficiency of the LTTD system. Hot spots in the influent soils may cause fluctuations in the dryer temperature. The vaporized hydrocarbon concentration in the kiln must be kept below the lower explosive limit (LEL). 

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