Miscellaneous Vinyl Polymers

The degree of blockiness in the structure of partially hydrolysed, poly(vinyl acetate) depends on the method of hydrolysis. Saponification with alkali gives vinyl acetate-alcohol copolymers with a highly blocked structure, transesterification with methanolic methoxides gives intermediate blockiness, and acid-catalysed equilibrium hydrolysis gives near-random copolymers. These structures respond differently in iodination analyses.  

Poly(vinyl alcohol) continues to find applications as a vehicle for reactive groups of various kinds particularly where hydrophilic properties are desired. When molecules of sucrose are bound via ether linkages to low molecular weight poly-(vinyl alcohol) at a suitable concentration a sweet-tasting product is formed. 

Kalalova, and M. Matek, Angew, Makromol. Chem., 1980,87,95. 

The most efficient chloromethylating agent for poly(iV-vinylcarbazole) has been found to be chloromethyl methyl ether in the presence of zinc chloride. Crosslinking 

Phosphorus trichloride and phosphoryl chloride react with poly(alkyl vinyl ketones) in chloroform solution at room temperature to produce black polyenic conducting polymers, which are believed to contain structures like (Ifi).  

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In addition to the various vinyl polymers dealt with in the preceding chapters, many others have been described in the literature. A few have achieved some commercial significance. It is these miscellaneous vinyl polymers which are considered in this chapter. 

Miscellaneous Plasticizers. Hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons belong mainly to the secondary plasticizer type. Aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons are used as extenders coumarone-indene resins and coal tar oils are miscible with rubber and slightly miscible with vinyl polymers. Alkylnaphtha-lenes are used as lubricants for vinylic polymers. Chlorinated hydrocarbons are used as secondary plasticizers in PVC, rubber or cellulose acetate-based blends to increase the resistance to inflammation. 

Isophorone is a solvent for a large number of natural and synthetic polymers, resins, waxes, fats, and oils. Specifically, it is used as a solvent for concentrated vinyl chloride/acetate-based coating systems for metal cans, other metal paints, nitrocellulose finishes, printing inks for plastics, some herbicide and pesticide formulations, and adhesives for plastics, poly(vinyl) chloride and polystyrene materials (Papa and Sherman 1981). Isophorone also is an intermediate in the synthesis of 3, 5-xylenol, 3, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexanol (Papa and Sherman 1981), and plant growth retardants (Haruta et al. 1974). Of the total production, 45-65% is used in vinyl coatings and inks, 15-25% in agricultural formulations, 15-30% in miscellaneous uses and exports, and 10% as a chemical intermediate (CMA 1981). 

Complex cations containing 2,2 -bipyridyl or 1,10-phenanthroline as ligands, particularly those of ruthenium, have been encountered in Section 57.3.2.2(iii). However, the bis-chelate complex was generally anchored to a polymer chain by coordination to pendant pyridyl groups although the possibility of electrochemical polymerization of a 4-vinyl-4-methyl-2,2 -bipyridyl was considered.59 In this section, some miscellaneous examples of the role of bipyridyl and phenanthroline complexes are considered. 

The major non-nylon uses of AA are in polyester polyols (for polyurethane resins, 25% of AA production), in plasticizers (7% dioctyl adipate, diisodecyl adipate, etc. for vinyl chloride, nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate polymers), resins (2% unsaturated polyesters) and 3% for miscellaneous applications, such as a food ingredient in gelatins, and as a component in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, paper, cements, waxes, and so on. 

Miscellaneous Extrusion-Applied Polymers. As mentioned earlier, there is a tendency to develop solventless magnet wire enamel formulations, and extrudable polymer systems would fulfill that requirement. There have been reports about extrusion of thin coatings of polyesters over copper wire. At this point, the state of the art allows extrusion of thin insulating films only with thermoplastic materials. The reliable extrusion of uniform and concentric insulating films of approximately 0.001-0.002 in. wall thickness is already an improvement over the more traditional extrusions of polyethylene, poly(vinyl chloride), and several fluoropolymers in much greater wall thicknesses. Because cross-linked insulation is ultimately required for most magnet wire applications, further materials development needs to be done to provide polymer compositions that are both extrudable as thin films and can be cross-linked in an economical process suitable for large-scale industrial application. 

Photo-cross-linkable synthetic polymers can be summarized under seven main groups polyanhydrides, poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(propylene fumarates) (PPFs), poly (a-hydroxy esters), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly (P-amino esters), and miscellaneous polymers. Photo-cross-linkable natural polymers include collagen and gelatin and polysaccharides. The details of these systems and their applications are given in Section 9.22.3. 

Matsumura, S. 2005. Biodegradation of poly(vinyl alcohol) and its copolymers. Biopolymers Online, Part 9. Miscellaneous Biopolymers and Biodegradation of Polymers. 

Several miscellaneous carbon chain backbone polymers have been claimed as biodegradable without clear evidence, these include copolymers of methyl methacrylate and vinyl pyridinium salts (Kawabata 1993), w here the pyridinium salt is hypothesized as a magnet for bacteria w hich then cleave the chain into small fragments w hich biodegrade completely. An ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer that is converted into a polyester by a Baeyer VUliger reaction (Brima 1993) (below) ... 

Hagman and co-workers [3] and Schmidt and co-workers [4] used dynamic headspace analysis to study volatiles in polypropylene-polyethylene copolymers and PVC and polyethylene terephthalate. In the latter method [3], volatiles from PET and PVC were collected and separated by open tubular GC. Other solid polymer headspace methods discussed include hexane, tridicane and butylated hydroxytoluene in polypropylene [5], vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, acetaldehyde and water in vinyl and acrylic polymers and polyolefins [6], ethyl acetate and toluene in laminated polyolefins [7], miscellaneous volatiles in polymers [8] and solvents retained in plastic films [9-12]. 

Omitting the construction and demolition debris from the calculations, the composition (by volume this time) is as follows paper and paperboard 50%, plastics 14%, metals 12%, glass 4%, organics 6%, and miscellaneous 14%. All plastic packaging (post-consumer, industrial, commercial, and institutional) represented about 8% of the overall refuse. It is a reasonable assumption that the composition of plastics discarded in landfills is a reflection of the quantities produced for packaging applications the commodity plastics polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and poly(vinyl chloride) should be well represented (see Ethylene POLYMERS PROPYLENE Polymers (PP) Styrene Polymers Vinyl Chloride Polymers). 

A variety of miscellaneous end uses take advantages of GMS s oil resistance, colorability, and weather and ozone resistance. Grades based on LDPE find use in nnmerous coating applications such as awnings, gas hose, escalator handrails, and mbber boats. GSMs are also used for curb pump hose, mining cable jackets, and appliance wire jackets. Grades based on ethylene vinyl acetate polymers are nsed for traffic paints and marine paint. 

Particular studies of the IR spectra of homopolymers include isotactic poly(l-pentane), poly(4-methyl-l-pentene), and atactic poly(4-methyl-pentene) [16], chlorinated polyethylene (PE) [17], aromatic polymers including styrene, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid [18], polystyrene (PS) [19-21], trans 1,4-polybutadiene [22], polyether-carbonate-silica nanocomposites [23], polyhydroxyalkanoates [24], poly(4-vinyl-n-butyl) [25], polyacetylenes [26], polyester urethanes [27], miscellaneous... 

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