MicroTubes

The liquid crystal thermographs method has been used for measuring microtube surface temperature with uncertainties of lower than 0.4 K by Lin and Yang (2007). The average outside diameter micro-tubes was 250 pm and 1,260 pm, respectively. The surface was coated with thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC). The diameters of encapsulated TLC were ranging from 5 to 15 pm. The TLC was painted on the tested tubes surface with thickness of approximately 30 pm. 

Lelea et al. (2004) investigated experimentally fluid flow in stainless steel microtubes with diameter of 100-500 pm at Re = 50-800. The obtained results for the Poiseuille number are in good agreement with the conventional theoretical value Po = 64. Early transition from laminar to turbulent flow was not observed within the studied range of Reynolds numbers. 

Celata et al. (2006) studied experimentally the drag in glass/fused silica microtubes with inner diameter ranging from 31 to 259 jam for water flow with Re > 300. The drag measurements show that the friction factor for all diameters agrees well with predictions of conventional theory A = 64/Re (for the smallest diameter 31 pm, the deviations of experimental points from the line A = 64/Re do not exceed... 

Hwang YW, Kim MS (2006) The pressure drop in microtubes and correlation development. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 49 1804-1812... 

Judy J, Maynes D, Webb BW (2002) Characterization of frictional pressure drop for liquid flows through micro-channels. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 45 3477-3489 Kandlikar SG, Joshi S, Tian S (2003) Effect of surface roughness on heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics at low Reynolds numbers in small diameter tubes. Heat Transfer Eng 24 4-16 Koo J, Kleinstreuer C (2004) Viscous dissipation effects in microtubes and microchannels. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 47 3159-3169... 

Sharp KV, Adrian RJ (2004) Transition from laminar to turbulent flow in liquid filled microtubes. Exp Fluids 36 741-747... 

The velocity and temperature distributions in a cross-section of a circular microtube are plotted in Figs. 4.22 and 4.23. It is seen that the velocity profile is determined by a single parameter, Z, whereas the temperature profile depends on two dimensionless groups, Z and S. 

Chakraborty S (2006) Analytical solutions of Nusselt number for thermally fully developed flow in microtubes under a combined action of electroosmotic forces and imposed gradients. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 49 810-813... 

The convective and nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient was the subject of experiments by Grohmann (2005). The measurements were performed in microtubes of 250 and 500 pm in diameter. The nucleate boiling metastable flow regimes were observed. Heat transfer characteristics at the nucleate and convective boiling in micro-channels with different cross-sections were studied by Yen et al. (2006). Two types of micro-channels were tested a circular micro-tube with a 210 pm diameter, and a square micro-channel with a 214 pm hydraulic diameter. The heat transfer coefficient was higher for the square micro-channel because the corners acted as effective nucleation sites. 

Within the scope of thermoelectric nanostructures, Sima et al. [161] prepared nanorod (fibril) and microtube (tubule) arrays of PbSei. , Tej by potentiostatic electrodeposition from nitric acid solutions of Pb(N03)2, H2Se03, and Te02, using a 30 fim thick polycarbonate track-etch membrane, with pores 100-2,000 nm in diameter, as template (Cu supported). After electrodeposition the polymer membrane was dissolved in CH2CI2. Solid rods were obtained in membranes with small pores, and hollow tubes in those with large pores. The formation of microtubes rather than nanorods in the larger pores was attributed to the higher deposition current. 

Discard the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 650 1 RNase-free water. Add an equal volume of water-saturated phenol chloroform (5 1), pH 5.2. Vortex vigorously and spin at top speed for 5 min at room temperature. Take 500 pi of the aqueous phase into a new microtube tube. 

Basic laboratory equipment centrifuge with cooling condition control at 4°C, heat block, pH meter, eppendorf BioPhotometer, microtube, and so on. 

Centrifuge the microtube to spin down tissue sections. 

Transfer the supernatant to fresh microtube, add 1 vol of chloroform to each microtube, mixed by vortex. 

Cut 5 FFPE tissue sections (10pm each), put them in a microtube. 

If visible tissue debris is found in the microtube, a 23G1 Precision Glide Needle (Becton-Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) with a lmL syringe is used to break down the cells through suctioning, until the solution becomes of clear appearance. This procedure may take 15-30 min. 

Centrifuge at 12,000rpm for lOmin, transfer the supernatant to a fresh microtube. 

When a colour layer of an artwork is analysed, a drop (5 10 pi) of this solution is localised on the sample surface. This method of enzymatic digestion can be, in principle, applied to all types of samples that occur in restoration practice fragments, cross-sections, microtome slices, etc. The samples are digested in closed microtubes to prevent evaporation of the solution. In the case of the cross-sections and microtome slices, it is essential to ensure the wetness of sample surface for the whole time of digestion. 

Colchicine as allelochemical is peculiar to Colchicium genus and when it is released by the cell-donor, can interact with the cell-acceptor. This alkaloid is also known as the tubulin-binding agent, which blocks its polymerization in microtubes (Roshchina, 2005a b). This alkaloid penetrates the cell-acceptor and induces the fluorescence of some cellular compartment (Fig. 9). The own emission of pure compound is 300 times less. 

The microfluidic chip system for preparing a miniaturized PMBV/PVA hydrogel consists of a two-chamber chip, an aluminum custom-made chip holder, Teflon capillaries, microtubes, and syringes equipped with a microsyringe pump (Fig. 15). The two-chamber chip was fabricated by a photolithographic wet etching technique. Whereas both channels and chambers (200 pm in depth) were fabricated on the top plate, only chambers (200 pm in depth) were fabricated on the bottom plate. 

Figure 5.19 Vesicle-encapsulated microtubes in bolaamphiphiles with oligoglycine head groups (33) observed using phase contrast light microscopy (a, b) in water at 25°C and (c) after vacuum drying. Reprinted from Ref. 53 with permission of Wiley-VCH.

Advantages of Prism-Coupled Microtube-Based Sensors... 

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