Microemulsion Detergent

The following examples indicate the methodology of applying micromemulsions. 

Liquid detergent formulation A light-duty microemulsion liquid detergent composition, useful for removing greasy soils from surfaces with both concentrated and diluted forms, has been reported. It consists of the following components  

A moderately water-soluble complex of anionic and cationic surfactants (1 to 10%), in which the complex (the anionic and cationic moieties) are in essentially equivalent or equimolar proportions, an anionic detergent, 

This recipe is based on the following considerations. It is known that if an anionic detergent (such as SDS) is mixed with a cationic detergent (such as CTAB), then a 

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Uses Foam slabilizer, vise, builder, conditioner, emulsifier in shampoos, skin cleansers, personal care thickener, emulsifier tor industrial applies., oils in degreasers and hard surface cleaners, microemulsion detergents, and solvent-based cleaners... 

Lutensit A-LBA emulsifier, microcryst. wax Hydrogenated tallowamide DEA emulsifier, microemulsion detergents... 

Today microemulsions are used in catalysis, preparation of submicron particles, solar energy conversion, extraction of minerals and protein, detergency and lubrication [58]. Most studies in the field of basic research have dealt with the physical chemistry of the systems themselves and only recently have microemulsions been used as a reaction medium in organic synthesis. The reactions investigated to date include nucleophilic substitution and additions [59], oxidations [59-61], alkylation [62], synthesis of trialkylamines [63], coupling of aryl halides [64], nitration of phenols [65], photoamidation of fluoroolefins [66] and some Diels-Alder reactions. 

Applied Surface Thermodynamics, edited by A. 14/. Neumann and Jan K. Spelt Surfactants in Solution, edited by Arun K. Chattopadhyay and K. L. Mittal Detergents in the Environment, edited by Milan Johann Schwuger Industrial Applications of Microemulsions, edited by Conxita Solans and Hironobu Kunieda... 

Ethoxylated fatty esters, emulsifiers, detergents, and dispersants, 8 710t Ethoxylated nonionic surfactants, microemulsions based on, 16 428 Ethoxylated surfactants, 24 142, 148 Ethoxylates, 24 149-151 Ethoxylation, fatty amines, 2 523 2-Ethoxypyridine, 21 104 Ethoxyquin, 10 854 13 42t, 51 2-Ethyl-1-butanol... 

Emulsifier will be found in both these phases. On the other hand, in systems with four components (Figure 9.4), consisting of oil-water-detergent-cosurfactant, there exists a region where a clear phase is found. This is the region where microemulsions are found. 

Salager JL (1999) Microemulsions. In Broze G (ed) Handbook of Detergents - Part A Properties. Surfactant Sci Ser, vol 82, Chap 8. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 253-302... 

Salager JL, Anton RE, Sabatini DA, Harwell JH, Acosta E, Tolosa L (2005) Enhancing Solubilization in Microemulsions - State of the Art and Current Trends. J Surfact Deterg 8(1) 3-21... 

Acosta E, Mai PD, Harwell JH, Sabatini DA (2003) Linker-modified microemulsions for a variety of oils and surfactants. J Surfact Deterg 6 353-363... 

Bourrel M, Bernard D, Graciaa A (1984) Properties of binary mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants Micellization and Microemulsions. Tenside Deterg 21 311-318... 

Upadhyaya A, Acosta EJ, Scamehorn JF, Sabatini DA (2006) Microemulsion phase behavior of anionic-cationic surfactant mixtures Effet of tail branching. J Surfact Deterg 9 169-179... 

There are no statistics available for microemulsion products or their annual values, but data for the surfactant industry can be taken as a guide. Annually updated lists of commercial surfactants and their suppliers are available from several sources (57,58). Chemical Engineering News annually publishes a feature article on "Soaps and Detergents" in its fourth issue (59,60). The market for surfactants is immense. For example, in 1995, the U.S. market for... 

Wu, B., Harwell, J. H., Sabatini, D. A., and Bailey, J. D. (1999). Alcohol-Free Diphenyloxide Disulfonate (DPDS) Middle Phase Microemulsion Systems, Journal of Surfactants and Detergents. 

Although there exist already a number of adequate investigations in aqueous detergent solutions27, 95,143,144 hardly any study has been carried out in nonpolar surfactant systems. Only recently, Zulauf and Eicke227 successfully applied the photon correlation spectroscopy to investigating AOT micelles in isooctane and the ternary W/O-microemulsion (Water/AOT/isooctane). Remarkable results were obtained. 

A correlation of the detergency performance and the equilibrium phase behavior of such ternary systems is expected, based on the results presented by Miller et al. (3,6). The phase behavior of surfactant - oil - water (brine) systems, particularly with regard to the formation of so-called "middle" or "microemulsion" phases, has been shown by Kahlweit et al. (7,8) to be understandable in teims of the... 

The importance of a surfactant - rich phase, particularly a lamellar one, to detergency performance was noted for liquid soils such as C16 and mineral oil (3.6). Videomicroscopy experiments indicated that middle phase microemulsion formation for C12E04 and Cjg was enhanced at 30 °C, while at 18 °C, oil - in - water, and at 40 °C, water - in - oil microemulsions were found to form at the oil - bath interface (3.6). A strong temperature dependence of liquid soil removal by lamellar liquid crystals, attributed to viscosity effects, has been noted for surfactant - soil systems where a middle - phase microemulsion was not formed (10). 

Since these interfaces are usually constructed of charged detergents a diffuse electrical double layer is produced and the interfacial boundary can be characterized by a surface potential. Consequently, electrostatic as well as hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions of the interfacial system can be designed. In this report we will review our achievements in organizing photosensitized electron transfer reactions in different microenvironments such as bilayer membranes and water-in-oil microemulsions.In addition, a novel solid-liquid interface, provided by colloidal Si02 particles in an aqueous medium will be discussed as a means of controlling photosensitized electron transfer reactions. 

This book on polymeric microemulsions is an attempt at a rapprochement of the methods and structures encountered in the two disciplines. The purpose of this book is to investigate polymer-polymer or polymer-surfactant interactions in solution leading to association structures with properties such as solubilization and anisotropy. These properties are useful in a wide variety of industries such as pharmaceutics, cosmetics, textiles, detergents, and paints. 

An electron donor or acceptor site is usually needed in organic synthons for covalent synthesis. The covalent connection of both leads to a new molecule in an essentially irreversible synthetic reaction. Organic synkinons for non-covalent synkinesis usually contain a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic part and/or proton donor or acceptor sites. Non-covalent connection of such amphiphiles leads to a molecular assembly in a reversible synkinetic reaction. Amphiphiles are not only surface active molecules ( surfactant, detergent ), but much more important, they create surfaces. This becomes particularly evident in microemulsions and in suspensions of vesicles and micellar fibres, but is also true in nanoholes and pores, on monolayer surfaces and for many other supramolecular structures. 

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