Microbial biofilm

Sarand I, S Timonen, E-L Nurmiaho-Lassila, T Koivula, K Haatela, M Romantschuk, R Sen (1998) Microbial biofilms and catabolic plasmid harbouring degradative fluorescent pseudomonads in Scots pine mycor-rhizospheres developed on petroleum contaminated soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 27 115-126. 

N. J. E. Dowling, J. Guezennec, and D. C. White. Facilitation of corrosion of stainless steel exposed to aerobic seawater by microbial biofilms containing both facultative and absolute anaerobes. In Proceedings Volume. Inst Petrol Microbiol Comm Microbial Problems in the Offshore Oil Ind Int Conf (Aberdeen, Scotland, 4/15-4/17), 1986. 

Jones B (1995) Processes associated with microbial biofilms in the twilight zone of caves examples from the Cayman Islands. J Sediment Res A65 552-560... 

Physical methods for the control of microbial biofilms, although often effective, are in many situations impractical. In this context it is notable that an almost universal feature of the biofilm mode of growth is their profound resistance to antibacterial compounds. Conventional chemical control methods, developed for use against fastgrowing planktonic cultures are only poorly effective against biofilm bacteria. Large doses of biocide or antibiotics, which are either environmentally undesirable or above toxic thresholds respectively, are required to eradicate biofilms in industry and medicine. 

The new stabilized bromine antimicrobial is an excellent antimicrobial having been proven superior in field and laboratory experiments compared to chlorine, stabilized chlorine, and equal to or better than solid hypobromite antimicrobials. The product is effective for the control of microbial biofilms and highly diverse microbial communities, including those that harbor Legionella. 

Manz, W. In situ analysis of microbial biofilms by rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probing. Methods Enzymol. 1999,310,79-91. 

Microbial Biofilm Ammonium acetate Triphasic LCQ DECA/LTQ SEQUEST (Ram et al., 2005)... 

Fig. 2. Scanning electron micrograph showing a natural microbial biofilm developed on surface of immobilized surface when dimethylphthalate was used as the sole source of carbon and energy after dehydration and critical-point dried and coating with palladium and gold (unpublished results). 

As stated earlier, the biodegradation of azo dyes requires an anaerobic and aerobic phase for the complete mineralization. The required condition can be implemented either by spatial separation of the two sludge using a sequential anaerobic-aerobic reactor system or in one reactor in the so-called integrated anaerobic-aerobic reactor system. In recent years, combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment technologies are extensively applied in the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters. Table 1 lists the systems based on combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment in separate reactors. Table 2 lists SBR based on temporal separation of the anaerobic and the aerobic phase. Table 3 lists the other systems, either hybrids with aerated zones or micro-aerobic systems based on the principle of limited oxygen diffuse in microbial biofilms [91]. 

Wieczorek SK, Todd CD (1998) Inhibition and facilitation of settlement of epifaunal marine invertebrate larvae by microbial biofilm cues. Biofouling 12 81-118... 

The relative solubilities reported are very crude estimates based on equilibrium solubility products. These estimates do not take into account variations in solubility as a function of pH, ionic strength, activities of various solution species (e.g., HCO "), redox state, particle size, surface defect types and concentrations, the concentration of various types of adsorbates, including natural organic matter, on mineral surface, or the presence of different types of bacteria or microbial biofilms on mineral surfaces. 

Effect of organic coatings and microbial biofilms on metal oxide surface reactivity - X-ray standing wave studies of metal ion partitioning between coating and surface... 

Similar to the microbial biofilm preparations described above, free-floating, viable microbial mats are also successful in removal of metals from solution (Bender Phillips, 1994 Vatcharapi jarn, Graves Bender, 1994). Consisting primarily of algae, cyanobacteria and bacteria, microbial mats perform a number of activities which promote metal complexation and subsequent removal. The mat contains oxidizing and reducing zones that aid in the immobilization and precipitation of... 

The retention of DOM in microbial biofilms involves several processes (A) sorption of a DOM molecule to the biofilm, (B) diffusion into the biofilm, (C) cleavage by extracellular enzymes (in the case of high-molecular-weight organic matter), and (D) uptake and microbial utilization of the DOM molecule. 

Caldwell, D. E. 1995. Cultivation and study of biofilm communities. In Microbial Biofilms (H. Lappin-Scott and J. W. Costerton, Eds.), Plant and Microbial Biotechnology Research Series 5, pp. 64-79. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK. 

Neu, T. R., and J. R. Lawrence. 1997. Development and structure of microbial biofilms in river water studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 24 11-2 5. 

Wimpenny, J. W. T., and R. Colasanti. 1997. A unifying hypothesis for the structure of microbial biofilms based on cellular automaton models. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 22 1-16. 

Lawrence, J. R., Swerhone, G. D. W., Leppard, G. G., Araki,T., Zhang, X., West, M. M., and Hitchcock, A. P. (2003). Scanning transmission X-ray, laser scanning, and transmission electron microscopy mapping of the exopolymeric matrix of microbial biofilms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69,5543-5554. 

Habash M, Reid G. Microbial biofilms their development and significance for medical device-related infections. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1999, 39, 887-898. 

Lion, L.W., Shuler, M.L., Hsieh, K.M. and Ghiorse, W.C. (1988) Trace metal interactions with microbial biofilms in natural and engineered systems. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. 

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