Separation reactor

The reactor effluent is separated by conventional distillation into recycle solvent, light gases, to 537°C bp distillate, and a heavy vacuum bottoms stream containing unconverted coal and ash. The recycle solvent is hydrogenated in a separate reactor and sent back to the Hquefaction reactor. 

The process options reflect the broad range of compositions and gas volumes that must be processed. Both batch processes and continuous processes are used. Batch processes are used when the daily production of sulfur is small and of the order of 10 kg. When the daily sulfur production is higher, of the order of 45 kg, continuous processes are usually more economical. Using batch processes, regeneration of the absorbant or adsorbant is carried out in the primary reactor. Using continuous processes, absorption of the acid gases occurs in one vessel and acid gas recovery and solvent regeneration occur in a separate reactor. 

Concern about the potential diversion of separated reactor-grade plutonium has led to a reduction ia U.S. governmental support of development of both plutonium recycle and the Hquid metal reactor. This latter ultimately depends on chemical reprocessing to achieve its long-range purpose of generating more nuclear fuel than it bums ia generating electricity. 

Ca.ta.lysis, The most important iadustrial use of a palladium catalyst is the Wacker process. The overall reaction, shown ia equations 7—9, iavolves oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde by Pd(II) followed by Cu(II)-cataly2ed reoxidation of the Pd(0) by oxygen (204). Regeneration of the catalyst can be carried out in situ or ia a separate reactor after removing acetaldehyde. The acetaldehyde must be distilled to remove chloriaated by-products. 

A similar but somewhat less ambitious approach is to carry out dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene and oxidation of the hydrogen product alternately in separate reactors containing different catalysts ... 

Na2B0402 10H2O, and cmde oil residue (41) in a rotary kiln heated to 1038°C. Borax is fed at the rate of 1360 kg/h and sprayed with 635 kg/h of 17% residue cmde oil. The heated mixture then reacts with CI2 at 760°C in a separate reactor to yield BCl. On a smaller scale, BCl can be prepared by the reaction of CI2 and a mixture of boron oxide [1303-86-2] 2 3 coke, and lampblack in a fluidized bed (42). Other methods for the preparation... 

Reactor design for glucose isomerization ia the United States has been documented (75). The diameter of the reactor is normally between 0.6 and 1.5 m. Typical bed height is 2—5 m. The ratio between the bed height and diameter of a reactor should be at least 3 1 to ensure good flow distribution. Plants that produce more than 1000 t of HECS per day, based on dry matter, use at least 20 separate reactors. 

In HT systems, where a series reactor is already being used, to suppress the system harmonics this would also serve to limit the switching inrush currents and no separate reactor would be necessary,... 

Ethylbenzene can also be produced by catalytic alkylation of benzene with ethylene. Benzene is alkylated with ethylene in a fixed bed alkylator. An excess of benzene is used to suppress the formation of di- and triethyl- benzenes. The excess benzene is removed from the alkylate by fractionation and recycled to the alkylator. The ethylbenzene is separated from the polyalkylated benzenes which are in turn fed to a separate reactor. Here benzene is added to convert the polyalkylated benzenes to monoethylbenzene by transalkylation. 

Reactive distillation is a technique for combining a number of process operations in a single device. One company has developed a reactive distillation process for the manufacture of methyl acetate that reduces the number of distillation columns from eight to three, also eliminating an extraction column and a separate reactor (Agreda et al., 1990 Doherty and Buzad, 1992 Siirola, 1995). Inventory is reduced... 

A critical assembly is a split bed on which fissionable material used to mock up up a separated reactor core that is stacked half on each half. One half is on roller guides so that the two halves may be quickly pulled apart if the neutron multiplication gets too high. Use the Preliminary Hazards Analysis method described in section 3,2.1 to identify the possible accidents that may occur and the qualitative probabilities and consequences. List the initiators in a matrix to systematically investigate the whole process. Don t forget human error. 

Consideration of factory operation adds further advantages for the steady catalyst. The changing of the charge is often an expensive job and sometimes an unpleasant one, perhaps involving drilling out. It may also require the purchase of a separate reactor body so that a complete filled spare unit is always available. The extra capital inventory can be substantial. The... 

Reverse-flow reactors Reactive distillation Reactive extraction Reactive crystalization Chromatographic reactors Periodic separating reactors Membrane reactors Reactive extrusion Reactive comminution Fuel cells... 

Glycerol was to be ethoxylated at 115-125°C in a circulating reaction system with separate reactor, heat exchanger and catalyst units. The valve at the base of the reactor was still closed, but an inoperative flow indicator failed to indicate absence of circulation and a total of 3 tonnes of the oxide, plus glycerol, was charged to the reactor. Upon subsequent opening of the valve, the reaction mixture passed through the heater, now at 200° C, and a runaway reaction developed, the reactor burst and an explosion followed. 

As stated earlier, the biodegradation of azo dyes requires an anaerobic and aerobic phase for the complete mineralization. The required condition can be implemented either by spatial separation of the two sludge using a sequential anaerobic-aerobic reactor system or in one reactor in the so-called integrated anaerobic-aerobic reactor system. In recent years, combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment technologies are extensively applied in the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters. Table 1 lists the systems based on combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment in separate reactors. Table 2 lists SBR based on temporal separation of the anaerobic and the aerobic phase. Table 3 lists the other systems, either hybrids with aerated zones or micro-aerobic systems based on the principle of limited oxygen diffuse in microbial biofilms [91]. 

Fig. 12). External numbering-up by flow manifolding to separate reactor units is here one concept for future production reactors with another tenfold increase in structured area.

Bertoldi and Civilini (2006) carried out a composting process in two separate reactors first, only in the thermophilic phase, with the purpose of pathogen destruction and decomposition by selected thermophilic microorganisms second, only in the mesophilic phase, to perform the main microbial transformations with a higher... 

Can equipment sets be combined (e.g., replacing reactive distillation with a separate reactor and multi-column fractionation train installing internal reboilers or heat exchangers) to reduce overall system volume ... 

The PEB can be and usually is fed to a separate reactor (not shown) where it reacts with-more benzene at 250—300°F in the presence of an aluminum chloride catalyst to produce additional EB via the transallcylation route. The catalyst is removed from the reaction mixture before it is passed into the separation section. 

The flow diagram for the vapor phase looks about the same as Figure 8—3. But unlike the liquid phase process, in the reactor both alkylation and transalkylation take place simultaneously so there is no need for a separate reactor to convert PEB to EB. Virtually no PEB shows up as by-product. 

This chemistry is sometimes accomplished simultaneously in one reactor and sometimes in two separate reactors. In the former, the triethyl aluminum catalyst is lost in the latter, it is recycled. Sometimes the displacement compound is butene-1 or hexene-1, depending on the chain length of the final alpha olefin desired and the change in operating conditions necessary to effect the displacement reaction. 

Figure 12-17 sketches some of the reaction-separation reactors that we consider in this chapter. We sketch most of these for the reversible reaction... 

The first two reactions ensure the formation of hydrobromic acid releasing oxygen, and the other two ensure the reduction of water releasing hydrogen. The reaction takes place in four separate reactors in isothermal or adiabatic conditions. The reactors are paired one pair contains calcium compounds (reaction 1 and 2) and... 

Enzymes can be used in several ways in chromatographic applications to improve selectivity or to enhance the detector response. Applications may involve enzymes with either a broad specificity toward a group of related compounds or a high specificity toward a particular compound. In the field of drug residue analysis, most current applications concern enzymatic reactions taking place in separate reactors incorporated in LC systems before or after the analytical column. Reactors with immobilized enzymes have proven to be suitable in such continuous flow systems. 

Commercialization of a new vinyl chloride process has been announced. Instead of the traditional three-step production (see Section 6.3.4), it is based on ethane oxy-chlorination using HC1, 02, and Cl2 carried out over a CuCl-based catalysts.285 Overchlorinated products are dehydrochlorinated and hydrogenated (together with overchlorinated alkenes) in separate reactors these product streams are then led back to the oxychlorination reactor. 

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