Internal metrics

In addition to the continuum of lagging-near-miss-leading, metrics may be described by additional dimensions based upon what is actually measured (an activity or quality of performance) and who will use the information collected by the metric (internal or external audience or both). 

Units and Conversion FactorsJ The properties tabulated in this chapter are defined in this section. The units of measure used in the tables are those used in the article from which the data were taken, unless otherwise indicated. Since workers in the various branches of ceramics technology use different systems of units in their publications—e.g., cgs metric, mks metric. International (S.L), English, or U.S. Conventional—Table 1.1 lists and defines the units of the International System. Table 1.2 provides factors for converting among the various systems. In cases where it seems desirable to convert data found in a source from one system to another for consistency in a table, the converted data will be placed in brackets,. The properties are grouped according to whether they are mechanical, thermal, or electrical. 

A situation that arises from the intramolecular dynamics of A and completely distinct from apparent non-RRKM behaviour is intrinsic non-RRKM behaviour [9], By this, it is meant that A has a non-random P(t) even if the internal vibrational states of A are prepared randomly. This situation arises when transitions between individual molecular vibrational/rotational states are slower than transitions leading to products. As a result, the vibrational states do not have equal dissociation probabilities. In tenns of classical phase space dynamics, slow transitions between the states occur when the reactant phase space is metrically decomposable [13,14] on the timescale of the imimolecular reaction and there is at least one bottleneck [9] in the molecular phase space other than the one defining the transition state. An intrinsic non-RRKM molecule decays non-exponentially with a time-dependent unimolecular rate constant or exponentially with a rate constant different from that of RRKM theory. 

Chlorine cannot be stored economically or moved long distances. International movements of bulk chlorine are more or less limited to movements between Canada and the United States. In 1987, chlorine moved in the form of derivatives was 3.3 million metric tons or approximately 10% of total consumption (3). Exports of ethylene dichloride, vinyl chloride monomer, poly(vinyl chloride), propylene oxide, and chlorinated solvents comprise the majority of world chlorine movement. Countries or areas with a chlorine surplus exported in the form of derivatives include Western Europe, Bra2il, USA, Saudi Arabia, and Canada. Countries with a chlorine deficit are Taiwan, Korea, Indonesia, Vene2uela, South Africa, Thailand and Japan (3). 

Economic Aspects. U.S. manufacturers of fluorosulfuric acid are AUiedSignal and Du Pont. These companies have a combined aimual capacity estimated at 20,000 metric tons, most of which is used internally although some merchant sales exist. Fluorosulfuric acid is shipped in tank cars. 

Metrologia International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM) Pavilion de Breteuil Parc de St. Cloud, Prance Includes articles on scientific metrology worldwide, improvements in measuring techniques and standards, definitions of units, and the activities of various bodies created by the International Metric Convention. 

Standard Practicefor Use ofi the International System ofiUnits (The Modernised Metric System), ASTM E380-93, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 1993. 

As of 1996 world production of sodium nitrate was about 520,000 metric tons annually. Of this quantity, some 450,000 t (86%) are produced in Chile from natural deposits by SQM Nitratos and distributed worldwide by several affOiates, eg, Chilean Nitrate Corporation in the United States and Nitrate Sales International in Belgium. The remainder, ca 70,000 t, is manufactured mainly in Europe, Japan, and Russia, generally as a by-product of nitric acid production. Additionally, China is known to manufacture some unknown but significant volumes of sodium nitrate for domestic use. 

Soybeans are the most important oilseed in international trade. The United States, Bra2il, and Argentina are the main suppHers to the export markets. In 1994—1995, United States exports of 22.0 x 10 metric tons represented 32% of the domestic production, 16% of the world crop, and 69% of the international trade in soybeans. The European Union, Japan, Mexico, and Taiwan were the largest importers of soybeans (51). Japan, which produces <5% of its soybean needs, is the largest single soybean customer of the United States. Japan imported 3.4 x 10 t in 1994 (51). The United States also exports processed soybean products, eg, oil and meal. For 1990—1993, an average of 47% of the crop was exported as whole beans and processed products. 

The passing of the Clean Air Act in the United Kingdom in 1956 resulted in a revival of interest in low temperature carbonization to produce a very reactive coke suitable for open fires. In the CoaUte process, the coal is heated at 600—650°C for 4 h in small retorts each hoi ding 6—7 metric tons (5). The Rexco process employed large internally heated retorts in which charges of 34 metric tons were heated to 700—750°C for 6 h, but is no longer in operation in the United Kingdom (6). 

National Defense Stockpile Goal for tin at 42,700 metric tons. On January 2, 1980, the Strategic and Critical Materials Transaction Authorization Act became effective. This authorizes the President to dispose of materials determined to be excessive to the current needs of the stockpile. This act provides for the sale of up to 35,600 metric tons of tin, including a contribution of up to 5100 metric tons of tin to the International Tin Council (ITC) buffer stock (see below). The GSA set up a schedule to offer about 500 metric tons of Grade A tin, for domestic sales and consumption only, every other Tuesday beginning July 1, 1980. On December 14, 1981, the restrictions on exporting the GSA tin sold were lifted sales increased immediately. Thus, from July 1, 1980, through December 11, 1981, the total GSA sales were 3170 metric tons. An additional 1815 metric tons were sold soon thereafter, mostiy to traders (10). 

World production ia the late 1990s of both natural and synthetic forms of vitamin E is estimated at 22,000 metric tons and growth is expected to keep pace with increasing need. The 1993 U.S. production was 14,096 metric tons (47) with an additional 1080 metric tons from imports. The principal U.S. producers of the natural form are Eastman Chemical Company, Archer Daniels Midland Company, and Henkel, and of synthetic vitamin E, Hoffmaim-La Roche and BASE. International producers include Hoffmaim-La Roche, BASE, Eisai, and Rhc ne-Poulenc. 

Methyl borate is beheved to be the boric acid ester produced in the largest quantity, approximately 8600 metric tons per year (28). Most methyl borate is produced by Morton International and used captively to manufacture sodium borohydride [16940-66-2]. Methyl borate production was studied in detail during the 1950s and 1960s when this compound was proposed as a key intermediate for production of high energy fuels. Methyl borate is sold as either the pure compound or as the methanol azeotrope that consists of approximately a 1 1 molar ratio of methanol to methyl borate. 

Production of carbon electrodes is a capital-intensive business. Two suppHers dominate the prebaked market. Carbon paste producers are more numerous and tend to serve local markets. There is no international standard for the threaded joints on carbon electrodes. Manufacturers of straight pin carbon electrodes have followed the physical specifications adopted for graphite electrodes (37). Unified standards do not exist for pinless joints resulting in limited interchangeability among brands. Electrode diameters are offered in both English and metric sizes with no restrictions on new or unique diameters. 

Economic Aspects. There are no pubhshed production figures for cinnamic acid. Most of the manufactured acid is consumed internally to generate a series of cinnamate esters for flavor and fragrance appHcations. With this in mind, it was possible to estimate a 1990 usage in the range of 175 metric tons. The cinnamic acid that does find its way into the marketplace has been sold for 12—14/kg in dmm quantities. 

Applicable dimensional units are shown individuaUy with each equation. The International Metric System (SI) is used when feasible otherwise commonly used U.S. engineering units are employed. The reader is referred to Sec. 1 for unit conversion fac tors. 

Metric Units of Measiu ement. For the purpose of this Code, metric units of measurement are in accordance with the modernized metric system known as the International System of Units (SI). 

As you can see from this discussion, a wide number of different units can be used to express measured quantities in the metric system. Ibis proliferation of units has long been of concern to scientists. In 1960 a self-consistent set of metric units was proposed. This so-called International System of Units (SI) is discussed in Appendix 1. The SI units for the four quantities discussed are... 

The Systeme Internationa] (SI) is the internationally accepted form and elaboration of the metric system. It defines seven base units in terms of which all physical quantities can be expressed. At this stage all we need are ... 

SI (Systeme International) The International System of units a collection of definitions of units and symbols and their deployment. It is an extension and rational ization of the metric system. See also Appendix IB. side chain A hydrocarbon substituent on a hydrocarbon chain. 

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