Ceramic technologies

Since metal-ceramic technology due to some reasons is the more expensive technology, its use presently is restricted to high-power or special applications. 

X-ray tubes are used in a broad variety of technical applications the classical application certainly is the radiographic inspection. For the penetration of high-Z materials, relatively high power is required. This lead to the development of X-ray tubes for laboratory and field use of voltages up to 450 kV and cp power up to 4,5 kW. Because of design, performance and reliability reasons, most of these maximum power stationary anode tubes are today made in metal-ceramic technology. 

All these specific needs in this market lead to the metal-ceramic technology as the most economic solution for X-ray tubes. 

At present time, metal-ceramic technology is quite expensive and its superior performance pays only in specific applications. 

Metal-ceramic technology would be -if price problems were neglected- the better choice for a variety of small-power X-ray applications. The problem is that an universal X-ray tube is not (and probably will never be) available. 

F. H. Norton, Forming Plastic Masses, Fine Ceramics Technology and Applications, Robert E. Krieger Publishing, Huntington, NY, 1978, Chapt. 10. 

W. A. Vitriol andj. I. Steiaberg, "Development of a Low Fire Cofired Multilayer Ceramic Technology," 1983, pp. 593—598. 

P. Vincen ini, ed.. Advanced Ceramic Processes, Proceedings of the 3rd International Meeting of Modem Ceramics Technology, National Research Council, Research Laboratory of Ceramics Technology, Paen2a, Italy, 1978. 

The combination of better processing to give smaller flaws with alloying to improve toughness is a major advance in ceramic technology. The potential, not yet fully realised, appears to be enormous. Table 19.1 lists some of the areas in which ceramics have, or may soon replace other materials. 

Wachtman, J.B. (1999) The development of modern ceramic technology, in Ceramic Innovations in the 20th Century, ed. Wachtman, J.B. (American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio) p. 3. 

Fauchais, P., Bordin, E, Coudert, F., and MacPherson, R. High Pressure Plasmas and Their Ap a ation to Ceramic Technology. 107, 59-183 (1983). 

Bronitsky, G. and R. Hamer (1986), Experiments in ceramic technology The effects of various tempering materials on impact and thermal-shock resistance, Am. Antiquity 51, 89-101. 

Rands, R. L., Ceramic Technology and Trade in the Palenque Region, Mexico, In American Historical Anthropology Essays in Honor of Leslier Spier, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 137-151, 1967. 

Vandiver, P.B., Soffer, O., Klima, B. and Svoboda, J. (1989). The origins of ceramic technology at Dolni Vstonice, Czechoslovakia. Science 246 1002-1008. 

A. A. White, S. M. Best, I. A. Kinloch, Hydroxyapatite-carbon nanotube composites for biomedical applications A review, International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, vol. 4, pp. 1-13, 2007. 

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