Methanol, properties

Compounds of this class, for example, hexopyranose derivatives having the general formula (123) (see Table II), have most frequently been prepared from the corresponding 6-deoxy-6-iodo or 6-bromo-6-deoxy derivatives of suitably protected aldohexoses or aldohexosides by allowing them to react at room temperature with silver fluoride in pyridine. Alternatively, for example, the 5,6-unsaturated derivative of 1,2 3,4-di-O-iso-propylidene-a-D-galaotopyranose was prepared from the 6-deoxy-6-iodo compound by heating at 130° with sodium methoxide in methanol. Properties of some members of this class are given in Table II. 

Table 1 Basic Properties of Methanol Property SI value Alternative value ACa Referr ...

Prepared generally by ester interchange from polyvinylacelate (ethanoate) using methanol and base also formed by hydrolysis of the acetate by NaOH and water. The properties of the poly(vinyl alcohol) depend upon the structure of the original polyvinyl acetate. Forms copolymers. Used as a size in the textile industry, in aqueous adhesives, in the production of polyvinyl acetates (e.g. butynal) for safety glasses. U.S. production 1980... 

Properties of crude mixture of TAME -1- residual C5 cut at 4% methanol ... 

The slightly different physical properties of deuterium allow its concentration in ordinary hydrogen (or the concentration of a deuterium-containing compound in a hydrogen compound) to be determined. Exchange of deuterium and hydrogen occurs and can be used to elucidate the mechanism of reactions (i.e. the deuterium is a non-radioactive tracer). Methanol exchanges with deuterium oxide thus ... 

Physical properties of A-4-thiazoline-2-one and derivatives have received less attention than those of A-4-thiazoline-2-thiones. For the protomeric equilibrium, data obtained by infrared spectroscopy favors fbrm 51a in chloroform (55, 96, 887) and in the solid state (36. 97. 98) (Scheme 23). The same structural preference is suggested by the ultraviolet spectroscopy studies of Sheinker (98), despite the fact that previous studie.s in methanol (36) suggested the presence of both 51a and... 

The thiazolium ring, as most heterocycloammoniums, is a Lewis acid conferring to the carbon atom in the 2-position the carbocationic property of adding the free pair of a base either organic or mineral that may be the molecule of solvent as ROH (Scheme 11). For many nuclei of suitable acidity, these equilibria can be observed in dilute solution by means of absorption spectra when species A and C possess different characteristics (24). For example, benzothiazolium and benzoxazolium in methanol and ethanol give at 10 mole liter 8 and 54% of the alkoxy derivatives for the former and 29 and 90% for the latter respectively. 

Pure adiponitrile is a colorless Hquid and has no distinctive odor some properties are shown in Table 5. It is soluble in methanol, ethanol, chloroalkanes, and aromatics but has low solubiUty in carbon disulfide, ethyl ether, and aUphatic hydrocarbons. At 20°C, the solubiUty of adiponitrile in water is ca 8 wt % the solubiUty increases to 35 wt % at 100°C. At 20°C, adiponitrile dissolves ca 5 wt % water. 

Table 4. Properties of Saturated Solutions of Urea in Methanol and Ethanol ...

Properties Methanol Ethanol Propane Methane Isoctane Unleaded gasoline Diesel fuel 2... 

In 1987 Seatde Metro purchased 10 new American built M.A.N. coaches powered by methanol. Six GM buses powered by DDC methanol engines entered revenue service at Triboro Coach in Jackson Heights, New York, 2 GM buses in Medicine Hat Transit in Medicine Hat, Manitoba, and 2 Flyer coaches in Winnipeg Transit, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. An additional 45 DDC powered methanol buses were introduced in California as indicated by Table 4. Figure 11 shows the distance accumulation of alternate-fueled buses in the four California transit properties. 

TetrabromobisphenoIA. Tetrabromobisphenol A [79-94-7] (TBBPA) is the largest volume bromiaated flame retardant. TBBPA is prepared by bromination of bisphenol A under a variety of conditions. When the bromination is carried out ia methanol, methyl bromide [74-80-9] is produced as a coproduct (37). If hydrogen peroxide is used to oxidize the hydrogen bromide [10035-10-6] HBr, produced back to bromine, methyl bromide is not coproduced (38). TBBPA is used both as an additive and as a reactive flame retardant. It is used as an additive primarily ia ABS systems, la ABS, TBBPA is probably the largest volume flame retardant used, and because of its relatively low cost is the most cost-effective flame retardant. In ABS it provides high flow and good impact properties. These benefits come at the expense of distortion temperature under load (DTUL) (39). DTUL is a measure of the use temperature of a polymer. TBBPA is more uv stable than decabrom and uv stable ABS resias based oa TBBPA are produced commercially. 

Property Methanol inhibited grades Low methanol uninhibited grades ... 

Owing to its properties, methanol is not recommended for aircraft or marine fuel uses. Methanol caimot be used in conventional diesel-powered vehicles without modifications to the fuel system and engine. Simple methanol—diesel blends are not possible because of insolubiUty. Heavy-duty diesel engines have been adapted to use neat methanol by many U.S. manufacturers, and several are being used in field demonstrations (82) (see Alcohol fuels). 

Alternative fuels fall into two general categories. The first class consists of fuels that are made from sources other than cmde oil but that have properties the same as or similar to conventional motor fuels. In this category are fuels made from coal and shale (see Fuels, synthetic). In the second category are fuels that are different from gasoline and diesel fuel and which require redesigned or modified engines. These include methanol (see Alcohol fuels), compressed natural gas (CNG), and Hquefted petroleum gas (LPG). 

Isoprene [78-79-5] (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) is a colorless, volatile Hquid that is soluble in most hydrocarbons but is practically insoluble in water. Isoprene forms binary azeotropes with water, methanol, methylamine, acetonitrile, methyl formate, bromoethane, ethyl alcohol, methyl sulfide, acetone, propylene oxide, ethyl formate, isopropyl nitrate, methyla1 (dimethoxymethane), ethyl ether, and / -pentane. Ternary azeotropes form with water—acetone, water—acetonitrile, and methyl formate—ethyl bromide (8). Typical properties of isoprene are Hsted in Table 1. 

Selected physical properties of various methacrylate esters, amides, and derivatives are given in Tables 1—4. Tables 3 and 4 describe more commercially available methacrylic acid derivatives. A2eotrope data for MMA are shown in Table 5 (8). The solubiUty of MMA in water at 25°C is 1.5%. Water solubiUty of longer alkyl methacrylates ranges from slight to insoluble. Some functionalized esters such as 2-dimethylaniinoethyl methacrylate are miscible and/or hydrolyze. The solubiUty of 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate in water at 25°C is 13%. Vapor—Hquid equiUbrium (VLE) data have been pubHshed on methanol, methyl methacrylate, and methacrylic acid pairs (9), as have solubiUty data for this ternary system (10). VLE data are also available for methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, methyl a-hydroxyisobutyrate, methanol, and water, which are the critical components obtained in the commercially important acetone cyanohydrin route to methyl methacrylate (11). 

---