Methamphetamine brain

Wagner, G.C. Ricaurte, G.A. Seiden, L.S. Schuster, C.R Miller, RJ. and Westley, J. Long-lasting depletions of striatal dopamine and loss of dopamine uptake sites following repeated administration of methamphetamine. Brain Res 181 151-160, 1980. 

Nash, J.F., and Yamamoto, B.K. Methamphetamine neurotoxicity and striatal glutamate release Comparison to 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine. Brain Res 581 237-243, 1992. 

Seiden, L.S. Fischman, M.W. and Schuster, C.R. Long-term methamphetamine induced changes in brain catecholamine in tolerant rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 1 215-219, 1975-76. 

Bakhit, C. Morgan, M.E. Peat, M.A. and Gibb. J.W. Long-term effects of methamphetamine on the synthesis and metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine in various regions of the rat brain. Neuropharmacology 20 1135-1140, 1981. 

Fibiger, H.C., and McGeer, E.G. Effect of acute and chronic methamphetamine treatment on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in brain and adrenal medulla. Eur J Pharmacol 16 176-180, 1971. 

Graham, D.G. Oxidative pathways for catecholamines in the genesis of neuromelanin and cytotoxic quinones. Mol Pharmacol 14 633-643. 1978. Hotchkiss, A.J., and Gibb, J.W. Long-term effects of multiple doses of methamphetamine on tryptophan hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase activity in rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 214 257-262, 1980. 

Peat, M.A. Warren, P.F. Bakhit, C. and Gibb, J.W. The acute effects of methamphetamine, amphetamine and p-chloroamphetamine on the cortical serotonergic system of the rat brain Evidence for differences in the effects of methamphetamine and amphetamine. Eur J Pharmacol 116 11-16, 1985. 

Wang, S.S. Ricauite, G.A. and Peroutka, S.J. [ H]3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) interactions with brain membranes and glass fiber filter paper. Eur J Pharmacol 138 439-443, 1977. 

As shown in table 6, we have compared the affinities of a series of methylenedioxy derivatives with those of the parent compounds (amphetamine and methamphetamine) at some of the recognition sites in brain at which MDMA exhibited the highest affinities. These comparative studies indicate that addition of the methylenedioxy subshtuent in the 3,4 position inereases their affinity at serotonin uptake, 5-HT2 serotonin, and M-1 muscarinic receptors, while the unsubstituted parent compounds appear to be more potent at Ct2-iadrenergic receptors. 

During the 1970s, evidence accumulated that amphetamine and methamphet-amine could also be neurotoxic (Ellison et al. 1978 Hotchkiss and Gibb 1980 Wagner et al. 1980). The effects of amphetamine seem mostly limited to dopamine neurons, whereas methamphetamine affects dopamine and serotonin neurons (Warren et al. 1984). Most recently, MDMA and MDA have been shown to produce neurotoxicity toward brain serotonin neurons much like that of the halogenated amphetamines (Ricaurte et al. 1985 Stone et al. 1986). 

Giovanni, A., Liang, L.R, Hastings, T.G., Zigmond, M.J. Estimating hydroxyl radical content in rat brain using systemic and intraventricular salicylate impact of methamphetamine. J. Neurochem. 64 1819, 1995. 

Kovachich, G.B., Aronson, C.E., Brunswick, D.J. Effects of high-dose methamphetamine administration on serotonin uptake sites in rat brain measured using [3H]cyanoimipramine autoradiography. Brain Res. 505 123, 1989. 

Bakhit, C., Morgan, M.E., Gibb, J.W. Propranolol differentially blocks the methamphetamine-induced depression of tryptophan hydroxylase in various rat brain regions. Neurosci. Lett. 99, 1981. 

Itzhak, Y. Repeated methamphetamine-treatment alters brain receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 230 243, 1993. 

Akiyama, K., Suemaru, J. Effect of acute and chronic administration of methamphetamine on calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase II activity in the rat brain. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 914 263, 2000. 

Ishihara, T., Akiyama, K., Kashihara, K. et al. Activator protein-1 binding activities in discrete regions of rat brain after acute and chronic administration of methamphetamine. J. Neurochem. 67 708, 1996. 

Kodama, M., Akiyama, K., Ujike, H. et al. A robust increase in expression of arc gene, an effector immediate early gene, in the rat brain after acute and chronic methamphetamine administration. Brain Res. 796 273, 1998. 

Takaki, M., Ujike, H., Kodama, M. et al. Increased expression of synaptophysin and stathmin mRNAs after methamphetamine administration in rat brain. Neuroreport. 12 1055, 2001. 

Frost, D.O., Cadet, J.-L. Effects of methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity on the development of neural circuitry a hypothesis. Brain Res. Rev. 34 103, 2000. 

Brunswick, D.J., Benmansour, S., Tejani-Butt, S.M., Hauptmann, M. Effects of high-dose methamphetamine on monoamine uptake sites in rat brain measured by quantitative autoradiography. Synapse. 11 287, 1992. 

Villemagne, V., Yuan, J., Wong, D.F. et al. Brain dopamine neurotoxicity in baboons treated with doses of methamphetamine comparable to those recreationally abused by humans evidence from [llC]WIN-35,428 positron emission tomography studies and direct in vitro determinations. J. Neu-rosci. 18 419, 1998. 

---