Neural circuitry

Chronic administration of ethanol may up-regulate L-type and N-type VGCCs—an effect that may contribute to ethanol withdrawal symptoms (Kahkonen and Bondarenko 2004 McMahon et al. 2000), probably through involvement of NMDA receptors and other neural circuitry (Calton et al. 1999). 

Pomeroy S.L., LaMantia A.S. and Purves D. (1990). Post-natal construction of neural circuitry in the mouse olfactory bulb. J Neurosci 10, 1952-1966. 

Kelley, A.E. Memory and addiction shared neural circuitry and molecular mechanisms. Neuron. 44 161, 2004. 

Frost, D.O., Cadet, J.-L. Effects of methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity on the development of neural circuitry a hypothesis. Brain Res. Rev. 34 103, 2000. 

Sustained stressor exposures, both physical and psychological, have been shown to shift the cytokine profiles of the immune cells toward the promotion of inflammation and allergic response. Neural circuitry underlying stress and emotion can also regulate inflammation. Peripheral inflammatory mediators, in turn, influence mood and cognitive functions. Depressive symptomatology has been associated with the same proinflamma-tory cytokines that are released during an asthmatic attack or in other forms of severe stressor exposure. 

Anxiety represents a state of heightened vigilance and fear, but pathological anxiety can be distinguished from fear in that it is inappropriately evoked and may persist in the absence of real threat or danger. The study of conditioned fear has provided detailed information on the neural circuitry and intracellular mechanisms that are important to fear responses and their long-term retention. The description of neural circuitry and the mechanisms underlying disorders of fear memory such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may also be relevant to other anxiety states that share common neural substrates. 

Geula, C. (1998) Abnormalities of neural circuitry in Alzheimer s disease hippocampus and cortical cholinergic innervation, hieu-rology 51 S18—S29 discussion S65-67. 

What is known about the neural circuitry for mammalian maternal behavior has been delineated using animal models, predominantly the rat. The medial preoptic area (MPOA) of the hypothalamus is important in reproductive function—i.e., in sexual behavior, gonadotrophin secretion, and the expression of normal maternal behavior (Numan, 1974). Maternal behaviors... 

Numan, M. (1994) A neural circuitry analysis of maternal behavior in the rat. Acta Pediatr Suppl 397 19-28. 

Davidson, R.J., Putnam, K.M., and Larson, C.L. (2000) Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation—a possible prelude to violence. Science 289(5479) 591-594. 

Drevets WC. Neuroimaging abnormalities in the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala in mood disorders implications for a neural circuitry-based approach to major depression. 

Does anyone actually use nanowires Well, Dr. Ock in Spiderman 2 claimed to use nanowires to connect his neural circuitry to a machine circuit. In fact, silicon nanowires have recently been used to build sensors for DNA. The sensors are designed to detect the presence of mutations in a cystic fibrosis gene. Nano Letters 2004, 4, 51 -54]... 

Many biological factors such as age and weight play a crucial role in the way that drugs affect the brain and influence behavior. So, too, does the unique neural circuitry that you inherited from your parents and that sometimes influences whether a drug will be exciting or depressing to you. This concept was probably... 

The 1987 Nathans paper is one of the earliest reviewing the relationship of the genetic code to the form of the chromophores of vision and includes many references to other areas of vision. It includes several code sequences associated with three entrons he believes relate to the rhodopsin molecule. Nathan notes that one school of analysis associates color blindness with chromophore deficiencies while another associates the problem with errors in the neural circuitry. However, his paper focuses on deficiencies in the chromophores. He presents a simplified explanation of color blindness wherein a total loss of the M-channel chromophore results in deuteranopia while a similar total loss of the L-channel chromophore results in protanopia. These are not the... 

To better understand the roles of individual serotonin receptor subtypes in modulating the neural circuitry of complex behavior, a number of groups have generated "knockout" mice lacking individual serotonin receptor subtypes over the last decade. Overall, 10 (at least 14) serotonin receptor subtypes have been knocked out in mice, as well as several genes that regulate the development and activity of serotonin neurons (e.g., Pet-1, the serotonin transporter, and tryptophan hydroxylase). We review these studies, discuss their relevance to the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, and close with a perspective on where the field may head in the future. 

Key Words Transgenic and knockout mice neuropsychiatric disorders anxiety the neural circuitry of complex behavior SERT Pet-1 tryptophan hydroxylase 2. 

Taken together, these studies suggest that drugs specifically modulating the activity or expression of these distinct receptor pools could impact the treatment of anxiety and affective disorders. Further studies with conditional 5-HT1A-R mouse mutants will further our understanding of the role this receptor plays in regulating the neural circuitry of affective behavior. 

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