Membrane brain

Zhang, P., Johnson, P. S., Zollner, C., et al. (1999) Mutation of human mu opioid receptor extracellular disulfide cysteine residues alters hgand binding but does not prevent receptor targeting to the cell plasma membrane. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 72, 195-204. 

Szallasi, A. and Blumberg, P.M. Specific binding of resiniferatoxin, an ultrapotent capsaicin analog, by dorsal root ganglion membranes, Brain Res. 1990a, 524, 106-111. 

Javitt DC, Balia A, Sershen H. 2002. A novel alanine-insensitive D-serine transporter in rat brain synaptosomal membranes. Brain Res 941 146-149. 

Figure 15.1 General scheme showing the steps to be followed for the preparation of cytosolic, mitochondrial, and membrane brain proteins and for the enrichment of the cytosolic proteins prior to the 2-D gel electrophoresis analysis.

Kreutzberg GW, Barron KD, Schubert P (1978) Cytochemical localization of 5 -nucleotidase in glial plasma membrane. Brain Res., 158, 247-252. 

Palmitic acids play an important role in the synthesis of phospholipids which are the key class of lipids for cell membrane, brain and nerves coordination and integrity (Greseth Traktman, 2014). In some prokaryotes, PA is required for the phospholipids to be synthesis which helps them to survive for example, viral phospholipids biosynthesis for survival (Greseth Traktman, 2014). 

Biziere, K., Thompson, H., and Coyle, J. T., 1979, Characterization of specific high-affinity binding sites for [ H]-glutamic acid in rat brain membranes. Brain Res. 183 421-433. 

Active Transport. Maintenance of the appropriate concentrations of K" and Na" in the intra- and extracellular fluids involves active transport, ie, a process requiring energy (53). Sodium ion in the extracellular fluid (0.136—0.145 AfNa" ) diffuses passively and continuously into the intracellular fluid (<0.01 M Na" ) and must be removed. This sodium ion is pumped from the intracellular to the extracellular fluid, while K" is pumped from the extracellular (ca 0.004 M K" ) to the intracellular fluid (ca 0.14 M K" ) (53—55). The energy for these processes is provided by hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and requires the enzyme Na" -K" ATPase, a membrane-bound enzyme which is widely distributed in the body. In some cells, eg, brain and kidney, 60—70 wt % of the ATP is used to maintain the required Na" -K" distribution. 

Researchers at the MoneU Center (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) are using a variety of electrophysical and biochemical techniques to characterize the ionic currents produced in taste and olfactory receptor cells by chemical stimuli. These studies are concerned with the identification and pharmacology of the active ion channels and mode of production. One of the techniques employed by the MoneU researchers is that of "patch clamp." This method aUows for the study of the electrical properties of smaU patches of the ceU membrane. The program at MoneU has determined that odors stimulate intraceUular enzymes to produce cycUc adenosine 3, 5 -monophosphate (cAMP). This production of cAMP promotes opening of the ion channel, aUowing cations to enter and excite the ceU. MoneU s future studies wiU focus on the connection of cAMP, and the production of the electrical response to the brain. The patch clamp technique also may be a method to study the specificity of receptor ceUs to different odors, as weU as the adaptation to prolonged stimulation (3). 

Toxicity of 2-Ghloroethanol. Ethylene chlorohydrin is an irritant and is toxic to the Hver, kidneys, and central nervous system. In addition, it is rapidly absorbed through the skin (73). The vapor is not sufficiently irritating to the eyes and respiratory mucous membranes to prevent serious systemic poisoning. Contact of the Hquid in the eyes of rabbits causes moderately severe injury, but in humans corneal bums have been known to heal within 48 hours. Several human fataUties have resulted from inhalation, dermal contact, or ingestion. One fatahty was caused by exposure to an estimated 300 ppm in air for 2.25 hours. In another fatal case, autopsy revealed pulmonary edema and damage to the Hver, kidneys, and brain (73). 

As we have seen in this chapter, steroids have a number of functions in human physiology. Cholesterol is a component part of cell membranes and is found in large amounts in the brain. Derivatives of cholic acid assist the digestion of fats in the small intestine. Cortisone and its derivatives are involved in maintaining the electrolyte balance in body fluids. The sex hormones responsible for masculine and feminine characteristics as well as numerous aspects of pregnancy from conception to birth are steroids. 

Photoreceptors in the eyes convert radiation in the visible band into neural signals that reach the brain. Photoreceptors are located throughout the retina, a sensoiy membrane that covers the entire back of the... 

AQP4 is the predominant water channel in the central nervous system (CNS), where it is involved in maintaining brain water balance and neural signal transduction. It is mainly expressed in astroglial cells, which support the neurons. Outside the CNS, AQP4 has been found in the basolateral membrane of renal principal cells as well as in various glandular epithelia, airways, skeletal muscle, stomach, retina and ear. 

Alzheimer s disease Amount of m-calpain in the cytosolic but not the membranous fractions and in the neurofibrillary tangles of brain from Alzheimer s patients is increased37,38... 

Fyn is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase related to Src that is frequently found in cell junctions. Die protein is N-myristoylated and palmitoylated and thereby becomes associated with caveolae-like membrane microdomains. Fyn can interact with a variety of other signaling molecules and control a diversity of biological processes such as T cell receptor signaling, regulation of brain function, and adhesion mediated signaling. 

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