Brain measurement

Kovachich, G.B., Aronson, C.E., Brunswick, D.J. Effects of high-dose methamphetamine administration on serotonin uptake sites in rat brain measured using [3H]cyanoimipramine autoradiography. Brain Res. 505 123, 1989. 

Brunswick, D.J., Benmansour, S., Tejani-Butt, S.M., Hauptmann, M. Effects of high-dose methamphetamine on monoamine uptake sites in rat brain measured by quantitative autoradiography. Synapse. 11 287, 1992. 

Volumetric and morphological brain measurements are made with MRI. Modern MRI can produce detailed, high-contrast images of the entire brain in relatively short scan times with no invasive procedures or radioactivity. Thus, it is the modality of choice for detailed neuroanatomic studies in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Many groups have addressed the challenge of how to quantify subtle structural characteristics in the brain that appear to differ consistently between comparison groups. Methods such... 

Hara T, Komiyama T, Yokoi F. (1993). Distribution of llC-(R)nicotine in human brain measured by positron emission tomography measurement of cerebral blood flow. Yakubutsu Seishin Kodo. 13(3) 175-81. 

Blin J, Piercey MF, Giuffra ME, Mouradian MM, Chase TN. (1994). Metabolic effects of scopolamine and physostigmine in human brain measured by positron emission tomography. J Neurol Sci. 123(1-2) 44-51. 

Timmerman W, Cisci G, Nap A, de Vries JB, Westerink BH. 1999. Effects of handling on extracellular levels of glutamate and other amino acids in various areas of the brain measured by microdialysis. Brain Res 833(2) 150-160. 

H. Hamakawa, J. Murashita, N. Yamada, T. Inubushi, N. Kato and T. Kato, Reduced intracellular pH in the basal ganglia and whole brain measured by P-MRS in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2004, 58, 82-88. 

Figure 9-39 Distribution of Zn and in insular region of human brain measured by LA-ICP-MS compared to cross section of this tissue region stained by cresyl violet.

The first is that the activity of chemically specific cell groups correlates more strongly than any other brain measure with REM sleep vs. waking neurophysiology in animals (and hence, by implication, with dreaming vs. waking consciousness in humans). 

Knight RA, Ordidge RJ, Helpern JA, Chopp M, Rodolosi LC, Peck D (1991) Temporal evolution of ischemic damage in rat brain measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 22 802-808... 

Sykova E, Svoboda J, Polak J, Chvatal A (1994) Extracellular volume fraction and diffusion characteristics during progressive ischemia and terminal anoxia in the spinal cord of the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 14 301-311 Van der Toorn A, Dijkhuizen RM, Tulleken CA, Nicolay K (1996a) Diffusion of metabolites in normal and ischemic rat brain measured by localized 1H MRS. Magn Reson Med 36 914-922... 

CK is found primarily in heart and skeletal muscle, as well as the brain. Measurement of serum CK levels is a good diagnostic for injury to these tissues. Levels of CK rise within 6 hours of injury and peak by around 18 hours, returning to normal within 2-3 days. Like LDH, there are tissue-specific isoenzymes of CK ... 

Our recent results (Waggoner et al, 2000) contrast with those of Kret-zschmar and colleagues (Brown et al., 1997a Brown et al, 1997b Brown and Besinger, 1998), and require a reevaluation of the role of PrP in copper metabolism. We find that that the amount of ionic copper in sub-cellular fractions from brain, measured by mass spectrometry, is similar in three lines of mice with 0,1, and 10 times the normal level of PrP. We also find that the enzymatic activities of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase and cytochrome c oxidase in brain extracts are similar in these groups of animals, as is the incorporation of Cu into Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase both in culmred cerebellar neurons and in vivo. Our results indicate that... 

According to our calculations and phantom brain measurements [Roth et al., 2002], the field induced in cortical regions by the H-coil is much lower than that of the double-cone coil. Therefore, it is likely that excitation threshold can be reached at 4 to 6 cm using the H-coil without inducing pain and other side effects. 

FIGURE 37.16 Electric field relative to the field 1 cm from coil, as a function of distance, for the HI and H2 coils, the double-cone coil, and the figure-8 coil, according to the phantom brain measurements. 

Neuronal loss and myelin alterations of brain measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (mean bone lead = 7 pg/g). 

Fig. 3.11. Distribution of Zn, Cu and Fe in Parkinson s mouse brain measured by LA-ICP-QMS (Agilent 7500 ce and NewWave UP 266).

Attempts to uncover new MAO inhibitors which would have certain desirable features for clinical use have led to the development of large-scale screening procedures for this type of activity. Many procedures for determining MAO inhibition of a given compound in vitro and in vivo in animals have been published these are summarized in the review by Davison (1958). The in vitro measurements involve the determination of the degree of inhibition of amine destruction by tissue homogenates, usually liver or brain. Measurement of serotonin disappearance colorimetrically has been found most convenient (Sjoerdsma et al., 1955). For in vivo measurements the compound is injected into rats after this tissues are removed and residual MAO is assayed. Many compounds which are quite potent inhibitors in vitro are thus found to have little effect in vivo. Thus, both p-tolyl choline... 

Song Y., Feng Y., Zhao S., Liu C.-W., liu Y.-M. d-Amino acids in rat brain measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. 

Will B. E. Rosenzweig M. R. Bennett E. L. Hebert M. and MoiimotO H. (1977). Relatively brief environmental enrichment aids recovery of learning capacity and alters brain measures after post-weaning brain lesions in rats. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 91, 33-50. 

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