Methacrylate 2-methyl-butyl

Numerous recipes have been pubUshed, primarily ia the patent Hterature, that describe the preparation of acrylate and methacrylate homopolymer and copolymer dispersions (107,108). A typical process for the preparation of a 50% methyl methacrylate, 49% butyl acrylate, and 1% methacrylic acid terpolymer as an approximately 45% dispersion ia water begias with the foUowiag charges ... 

AH-acryHc (100%) latex emulsions are commonly recognized as the most durable paints for exterior use. Exterior grades are usuaHy copolymers of methyl methacrylate with butyl acrylate or 2-ethyIhexyl acrylate (see Acrylic ester polymers). Interior grades are based on methyl methacrylate copolymerized with butyl acrylate or ethyl acrylate. AcryHc latex emulsions are not commonly used in interior flat paints because these paints typicaHy do not require the kind of performance characteristics that acryHcs offer. However, for interior semigloss or gloss paints, aH-acryHc polymers and acryHc copolymers are used almost exclusively due to their exceUent gloss potential, adhesion characteristics, as weU as block and print resistance. 

Copolymers of methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate gave polymers that were somewhat tougher and slightly softer than the homopolymers. Materials believed to be of this type were marketed in sheet form by ICI as Asterite for a short while in the 1960s (the name having been recently revived for another product as described in Section 15.2.6). 

Chemcal Designations - Synonyms Methacrylic Acid, Butyl Ester Butyl Methacrylate Butyl 2-Methacrylate n-Butyl alpha-Methyl Acrylate Butyl 2-Metiiyl-2-Propenoate Chemical Formula CHj=C(CH3)COOCH2CH2CHiCH3... 

Figure 3. Time dependence of the fraction R of unreacted aminostyrene residues during acetylation by 0.14 M acetic anhydride at 30°C. Methyl methacrylate copolymer in acetonitrile solution (0) linear poly-(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl methacrylate) swollen with acetonitrile Cd) methyl methacrylate copolymer crosslinked with 1 mole% ( ) and with 15 mole% ( ) ethylene dimethacrylate poly(methacrylate crosslinked with 3 mole% ethylene dimethacrylate containing entrapped poly(methyl acrylate-co-aminostyrene) ( ).

Figure 2. Comparison of the rate of formation of insoluble matter in polymers based on 3-methyl- and 2-methyl-butyl methacrylate...

ARGET ATRP has been successfully applied for polymerization of methyl methacrylate, ft-butyl acrylate and styrene in the presence of Sn(EH)2 (10 mol% vs. alkyl halide initiator or 0.07 mol% vs. monomer) [164,165]. For all monomers, polymerizations were well controlled using between 10 and 50 ppm of copper complexes with highly active TPMA and Me6TREN ligands. ARGET ATRP has also been utilized in the synthesis of block copolymers (poly(n-butyl acrylate)— -polystyrene and polystyrene-Z -poly(n-butyl acrylate) [164,165] and grafting... 

Conversely, vesicants have also been thickened with various substances to enhance deployment, increase their persistency, and increase the risk of percutaneous exposure. Thickeners include polyalkyl methacrylates (methyl, ethyl, butyl, isobutyl), poly(vinyl acetate), polystyrene, plexiglas, alloprene, polychlorinated isoprene, nitrocellulose, as well as bleached montan and lignite waxes. Military thickener K125 is a mixture of methyl, ethyl, and butyl polymethacrylates. When thickened, agents become sticky with a consistency similar to honey. Typically, not enough thickener is added to affect either the color or odor of the agent. 

Among the methacrylates, methyl and ethyl ester can be the most easily polymerized by the uncatalyzed polymerization. This specificity was a conclusion (25) which was obtained in the uncatalyzed polymerization initiated with silk or cellulose. Also in the cases of PVPA (23) and starch (26) the same specificity was observed, as shown in Table 6. n-Butyl ester was always hardly polymerized. 

Either addition sequence works if the two monomers are in the same family (e.g., methyl acrylate and butyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate or styrene and 4-acetoxystyrene), because the equilibrium constants (for activation) for both types of chain ends have about the same value. The situation is usually quite different for pairs of monomers from different families. Chain ends from monomers with large equilibium constants can initiate the polymerization of monomers with lower equilibrium constants thus, cross-propagation is efficient. Methacrylate works well as the first monomer to form methacrylate-acrylate and methacrylate-styrene blocks. 

Methanol Formaldehyde Ethylene Propylene oxide Phenol 1,4-Butanediol Tetrahydrofuran Ethylene glycol Adipic acid Isocyanates Styrene Methyl methacrylate Methyl formate Two-step, via CH4 steam reforming Three-step, via methanol Cracking of naphtha Co-product with t-butyl alcohol or styrene Co-product with acetone Reppe acetylene chemistry Multi-step Hydration of ethylene oxide Multi-step Phosgene chemistry Co-product with propylene oxide Two-step, via methacrolein Three-step, via methanol... 

Acrylonitrile Allyl acrylate Allyl methacrylate n-Butyl acrylate n-Butyl methacrylate Isobutyl methacrylate Divinyl benzene 2-Choroethyl methacrylate Ethyl acrylate /i-Ethoxyethyl methacrylate 2-Ethylhexyl methacrylate Ethyl methacrylate Methyl methacrylate Methylisopropenylketone Methyl vinyl ketone N-Vinyl pyrrolidone Styrene Vinylpyridine Acrylonitrile Allyl acrylate Allyl methacrylate... 

Compound Name Mercuric Chloride Mercuric Iodide Mercuric Chloride Mercuric Ammonium Chloride Mercuric Cyanide Mercuric Cyanide Mercuric Chloride Mercuric Nitrate Mercuric Oxide Mercuric Chloride Mercuric Nitrate Mercurous Chloride Mercurous Nitrate Mercurous Chloride Mesityl Oxide Calcium Resinate Methyl Methacrylate N-Butyl Methacrylate Glycidyl Methacrylate Ethyl Methacrylate Methyl Methacrylate Methallyl Chloride Methallyl Chloride Formaldehyde Solution Methane... 

IVb VI Bis(2-methyl-butyl)-itaconat 3-O-Methacryl-oyl-1 2,5 6-0-isopropyliden-D-Glucose c15hS0o4 c16hmo7 270,4 328,3 kein Tetra- chlor- athan 20 589 589 +5,57 —32,2... 

Optically active acrylic, chloro-acrylic and methacrylic esters of sec. butyl alcohol, 2-methyl-butyl alcohol, 1.3-dimethyl-butyl alcohol, 1-methyl-benzyl alcohol, bomeol and menthol have been polymerized mostly by radical mechanism (Tables 16, 17, 18). 

In fact Schulz and co-workers (131,134), and Klabunovskii, Shvartsman and Petrov (55) report that the O. R. D. curves of poly-menthyl-acrylate, poly-bornyl-acrylate and poly-2-methyl-butyl-methacrylate show a maximum at about 300 mp, the wavelength corresponding to the maximum being related to the method of preparation of the polymer. Circular dichroism measurements seem advisable in order to confirm the existence of a Cotton effect postulated by the above authors in that wavelength range. 

Considering the polymers in which the side chain asymmetric carbon atom is in the y-position with respect to the main chain, a remarkable difference in molar rotation has been found between the monomeric units of the polymers and the model compounds in the case of poly-(S)-5-methyl-l-heptene but not in the case of poly-[(S)-2-methyl-butyl]-vinyl-ether or in the case of poly-(S) l.3-dimethyl-butyl methacrylate. The discrepancy might be related both to conformational and to electronic (113 a) factors. 

Another interesting example belonging to the same general principle was described by Graham (56). On one hand he prepared an amine terminated polystyrene (sodium amide initiation in liquid ammonia) and showed that it contained only one terminal primary amine group per polymer chain. On the other hand copolymers were prepared by free-radical initiated solution copolymerization of small amounts of /S-iso-cyanatoethyl methacrylate with several other monomers as methyl, butyl and lauryl methacrylates, acrylonitrile and styrene. 

Heterogeneity, as in polyblends, has also been observed in random copolymers. F. Kollinsky and G. Markert found phase separation in binary mixtures of copolymers of methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate. C. Kraus and K. W. Rollmann discovered heterogeneity in blends of random copolymers of butadiene and styrene if they differ by more than 20% in composition. 

Mixtures of chemically homogeneous methyl methacrylate— n-butyl acrylate copolymers appear homogeneous optically (clear) and in torsional oscillation experiments (one damping maximum) for A MM A 10-25 mole %. There is no... 

Mixtures of chemically homogeneous methyl methacrylate-n-butyl acrylate copolymers are homogeneous for composition ranges be-... 

Conventional uses of methanol account for 90% of present consumption and include formaldehyde, dimethyl terephthalate, methyl methacrylate, methyl halides, methylamines and various solvent and other applications. Newer uses for methanol that have revitalized its growth and outlook include a new technology for acetic acid, single cell protein, methyl tertiary butyl ether-(MTBE), and water denitrification. Potential uses for methanol include its use as a carrier for coal in pipelines, as a source of hydrogen or synthesis gas used in direct reduction of iron ore, as a direct additive to or a feedstock for gasoline, peak power shaving and other fuel related possibilities. Table II lists the world methanol demand by end use in 1979. 

Tt has been observed recently (14, 15) that catalytic concentrations of - sulfur dioxide can easily initiate the polymerization of methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, and styrene at or near room temperature but fails to initiate polymerization in other monomers such as acrylonitrile, acrylamide, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, vinyl acetate, and vinyl pyridine under similar conditions. However, in the presence of catalytic concentrations of sulfur dioxide and a hydroperoxide, such as tert-butyl hydroperoxide, all the above monomers polymerize readily. The results of further investigations on vinyl polymerization in the presence of low concentrations of sulfur dioxide are reported here. 

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