Metal preparation plating

Preparation of basis metals for plating Preliminary cleaning of various basis metals follows the broad principles used for electrodeposited nickel. 

In IMS, supportive materials, whose surfaces are coated with conductive materials, are used in principal. In the simplest way, the tissue slices can be placed on a metal MALDI plate directly.9 In this case, however, the target plate must be cleaned carefully after the measurement is over. Currently, the method commonly used is that samples are prepared on a disposable plastic sheet or a glass slide coated with series of conductive materials. In particular, a plastic sheet (ITO sheet) or glass slide (ITO glass slide available from Bruker Daltonics K.K., Billerica, MA, or Sigma, St. Louis, MO) coated with ITO (indium-tin oxide) is useful because it has superior optical transparency... 

X-ray diffractometry was performed, by methods described in a companion paper (8), between 80 and 600 K at ambient pressure on thin solid wafers cut from the prepared samples. Mounted with high temperature cement on relatively massive metal backing plates, these wafers could be maintained at temperatures constant to within 3 K, as measured by either a platinum thermometer or a copper-constantan thermocouple. The... 

Yan, H. Blanford, C.F. Lytle, J.C. Carter, C.B. Smyrl, W.H. Stein, A. Influence of processing conditions on structures of 3D ordered macro-porous metals prepared by colloidal crystal tern-plating. Chem. Mater. 2001, 13, 4314-4321. 

The failure stress for an equitriaxial extension approximately equals the failure stress for a uniaxial extension, as we see in Table I. (The equitriaxial extension is performed using a thin disk of propellant bonded between two specially prepared plates of metal.)... 

A less aggressive sample preparation method is a mull in which the sample is dispersed in a liquid matrix, most commonly used is the mineral oil Nujol but other liquids may also be used (e.g. fluorolube and hexachlorobutadiene). The sample is ground and mixed with the oil (Nujol) and then sandwiched between two IR transparent (metal halide) plates. Although the sample is less likely to be altered using this technique, the oil has strong absorbance bands which obscure some regions of the spectmm (by using alternatives to Nujol... 

Practical data are available firom filter manu cturers vshkh indicates that costs can be minimised by carefiil consideratian of the plate size/number comhination. Such data has been used in preparing Table 11.6 which relates to the area required to the best option in terms of plate size, etc. for three designs metal recessed plate, metal plate and frame, and wooden plate and fi ame. 

Nickel coatings are usually prepared by electroplating. The metal is plated either directly on steel or sometimes over an intermediate coating of copper. The copper underlayer is used to facilitate buffing of the surface on which nickel is plated, because copper is softer than steel, and also to reduce the required thickness of nickel (which costs more than copper) for obtaining a coating of minimum porosity. The automotive industry uses nickel as an underlayer for microcracked chromium to protect steel [9]. 

Since X-rays are strongly attenuated by metals and other components used in fuel cells, slight design adaptations are necessary to allow for sufficient beam transmission. Small sealed holes are drilled into the metallic end plates while all other components remain unchanged. The cross-section of a fuel cell prepared for studies in through-plane perspective is sketched in Figure 18.5. Realistic conditions for heat and mass transfer can be retained because the cell design modification is kept to a minimum. 

The same method has been used successfully to prepare plates with silica gel, silica gel-polyamide, cellulose, and these adsorbents impregnated with a variety of reagents including HDEHP, TOPO, 8-hydroxyquinoline, dibenzoyl methane, and several metal salts (13-30). Brucine (20) and tartaric acid (22) were also mixed in slurries of silica gel as impregnating reagents to resolve enantiomers of amino... 

For purposes of affordabihty, mechanical integrity, electrical properties, and materials conservation, all electrical contacts, regardless of assembly methodology, are made from inexpensive base metals and plated with a minimum thickness of a more precious or more practical material. Many press-fit connectors have been made of berylhum-copper alloy, but due to beryllium dust toxicity, a factor in press-fit lead preparation, the switch to safer phosphor-bronze or other copper aUoys has occurred throughout the industry. 

In silicon wafer manufacturing, solvent exposure during silicon wafer preparation can be hazardous if local exhaust ventilation (LEV) is not used. Methanol exposures of up to 931 ppm were reported during the washing of silicon wafers without adequate LEV. Methylene chloride exposures of up to 522 ppm were reported when no local exhaust was used during the stripping of carrier pads from their metal carrier plates, ... 

A solution containing salts of coating metal taken in glass, plastic or rubber-lined metallic tank (plating solutions can be prepared in laboratory by dissolving requisite amounts of salts in water or by mixing with water appropriate bath concentrates marketed by supply houses). 

In electroless deposition, the substrate, prepared in the same manner as in electroplating (qv), is immersed in a solution containing the desired film components (see Electroless plating). The solutions generally used contain soluble nickel salts, hypophosphite, and organic compounds, and plating occurs by a spontaneous reduction of the metal ions by the hypophosphite at the substrate surface, which is presumed to catalyze the oxidation—reduction reaction. 

Nickel Phosphate. Tri nickel orthophosphate [14396-43-17, Ni2(P0 2 7H20, exists as apple-green plates which decompose upon heating. It is prepared by the reaction of nickel carbonate and hot dilute phosphoric acid. Nickel phosphate is an additive to control the crystal size of ziac phosphate ia coaversioa coatiags which are appHed to steel prior to its being paiated (see Metal surface treatments). 

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