Metal carrier

Carrier Metal ion [Rate, pmol/h (selectivity relative to Ca2 +)] ... 

Titanium as a carrier metal Titanium (or a similar metal such as tantalum, etc.) cannot work directly as anode because a semiconducting oxide layer inhibits any electron transport in anodic direction ( valve metal ). But coated with an electrocatalytic layer, for example, of platinum or of metal oxides (see below), it is an interesting carrier metal due to the excellent corrosion stability in aqueous media, caused by the self-healing passivation layer (e.g. stability against chlorine in the large scale industrial application of Dimension Stable Anodes DSA , see below). 

Figure 2. Carrier (a) and channel (b) mechanisms for facilitated ion transport across the membrane. Carrier encapsulates ion and moves across the membrane and releases the ion at the other end. It shuttles in the membrane as a carrier-metal complex. Channel is, in principle, an aqueous pore structured in the membrane. Ion can traverse through the membrane more or less freely in the pore with recognition at the selectivity filter when the gate is open. Here illustrated is a voltage sensitive gate as an example. ...

V. Passage of gaseous mixtures consisting of a metal halide, BBra and Hg over incandescent carrier metals on the average yields only boride layers inhomogeneous, and solid products. 

J. R. Macdonald, Accurate solution of an idealized one-carrier metal-semiconductor junction problem, Solid-State Electron. 5 (1962) 11-37. 

Due to their pronounced selectivity in metal ion ccmplexation (6), crown ethers (macrocyclic polyethers) and related macrocyclic multidentate ligands are attractive mobile carriers for metal ion transport across liquid membranes. As summarized in recent reviews of macrocycle-facil itated transport of ions in liquid membrane systems (7,8), most studies have been conducted with macrocyclic carriers which do not possess ionizable groups. For such carriers, metal ions can only be transported down their concentration gradients unless some type of auxiliary complexing agent is present in the receiving aqueous phase. 

From the spectroscopic data, we conclude that high molecular weight and fully protonated emeraldine salt, [lS] (A )n, has three important spectral features an intrachain absorption band at 1 eV (with a long tail into the deep infrared), an intrachain absorption band at 3 eV (with onset at approximately 2.5 eV), and an interchain absorption at 1.5 eV. The 1 eV absorption appears to be dominated by the free carrier metallic intraband absorption. 

The introduction of Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA ) in the beginning of the 1970s [6] resulted in about 10 % energy saving. Titanium is used as a carrier metal which is corrosion resistant due to a passivation layer of titanium dioxide, stabilized by the oxidation potential of chlorine in aqueous solution. 

Carrier Facilitated Transport Models for Type 2 FacUitation. The models take into account the diffusion of the carrier and carrier-metal complex in emulsion globules and reversible reactions at the external and internal interfaces. Teramoto et al. (77) and Kataoka et al. (18) included the external phase mass transfer resistance and an additional mass transfer resistance in the peripheral thin membrane layer of the emulsion globule in their models. The Teramoto et al. model also considered leakage. These models have complicated equations and many parameters. Teramoto et al. evaluated their model parameters experimentally, which was quite tedious. 

Uses Lubricant, emulsifier for soivs. In pesticide carriers, metal cleaners and neatsfoot oil In leather fat liquoring textile specialty detergent and dyeing assistant rewettIng agent for paper... 

Carriers Metal ions Initial fluxes, a,mol/m s Selectivity order Selectivity factors... 

Electron carriers Metal storage, 02binding I carrier and structural ... 

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