Fuel cells preparation

A large number of possible applications of arrays of nanoparticles on solid surfaces is reviewed in Refs. [23,24]. They include, for example, development of new (elect-ro)catalytical systems for applications as chemical sensors, biosensors or (bio)fuel cells, preparation of optical biosensors exploiting localized plasmonic effect or surface enhanced Raman scattering, development of single electron devices and electroluminescent structures and many other applications. 

Research on alternative catalysts for the ORR for use in PEM fuel cell cathodes is an exciting and growing field of research. Several classes of materials show potential for replacing precious metal cathodes, especially for automotive power applications and direct methanol systems. Increasing the understanding of active sites in alternative catalysts, the mechanisms for oxygen reduction, and optimization of full fuel cell preparation using alternative materials, will lead to further improvements in performance. 

Shah V.B. ASPEN Models for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell and Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Prepared by EG G Washington Analytical Services Center for the Morgantown Energy Technology Center under Contract No. DE-AC21-85MC21353, 1988. 

Nakakubo, T., Shibata, M., and Yasuda, K. Membrane electrode assembly for proton exchange membrane fuel cells prepared by sputter deposition in air and transfer method. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2005 152 A2316-A2322. 

Cheng et al. (2008) reported LaCoOs nanopowders for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells prepared by an aqueous gel-casting technique at 600 °C. The performance of La-Sr-Mn-O (LSM) electrode impregnated with as-synthesized LaCoOs nanopowders showed a significant improvement. 

Li, Q. et al., PBI-based polymer membranes for high temperature fuel cells preparation, characterization and fuel cell demonstration. Fuel Cells, 4, 147, 2004. 

H. Uchida, Y. Ueno, H. Hagihara, and M. Watanabe. Self-humidifying electrolyte membranes for fuel cells Preparation of highly dispersed Ti02 particles in Nafion 112. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 150, A57-A62 2003. 

M. Watanabe, H. Uchida and M. Emori, Polymer electrolyte membranes incorporated with nanometer-size particles of Pt and/or metal-oxides Experimental analysis of the self-humification and suppression of gas-crossover in fuel cell, J. Phys. Chem., B, 1998, 102, 3129-3137 M. Watanabe, H. Uchida, Y. Seki and M. Emori and P. Stonehart, Self-humidifying polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1996, 143, 3847-3852 H. Uchida, Y. Mizuno and M. Watanabe, Suppression of methanol crossover in Pt-dispersed polymer electrolyte membrane for direct methanol fuel cell, Chem. Lett., 2000, 1268-1269 H. Uchida, Y. Ueno, H. Hagihara and M. Watanabe, Self-humidifying electrolyte membranes for fuel cells, preparation of highly dispersed Ti02 particles in Nafion 112, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2003, 150, A57-A62. 

For the preparation of a symmetrical cell, the composite LSM-YSZ was prepared on both sides of a 0.4 mm thick YSZ substrate, which was used as an electrolyte. For a fuel cell preparation, prior to cathode deposition Ni-YSZ powder ink (Ni 45 wt%) was screen printed on the YSZ substrate and sintered at 1,400°C for 1 h. 

Janssen MMP, Moolhuysen J (1976) Platinum-tin catalysts for methanol fuel cells prepared by a novel immersion technique, by electrocodeposition and by alloying. Electrochim Acta... 

Chen W, Tang Y, Bao J, Gao Y, Liu C, Xing W, Lu T (2007) Study of cartxui-supported Au catalyst as the cathodic catalyst in a direct formic acid fuel cell prepared using a polyvinyl alcohol protectirai method. J Powct Sources 167 315—318... 

Since X-rays are strongly attenuated by metals and other components used in fuel cells, slight design adaptations are necessary to allow for sufficient beam transmission. Small sealed holes are drilled into the metallic end plates while all other components remain unchanged. The cross-section of a fuel cell prepared for studies in through-plane perspective is sketched in Figure 18.5. Realistic conditions for heat and mass transfer can be retained because the cell design modification is kept to a minimum. 

Schwanitz B et al (2011) Stability of ultra-low Pt anodes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells prepared by magnetron sputtering. Electrocatalysis 2 35-41... 

Hydrogen peroxide decomposition catalysts can be added to ionomer membranes in small amounts to slow down the decomposition of the ionomer during fuel cell operation. Additions of cerium and manganese, in both oxide and ionic forms, have been shown to increase the oxidative stability of membranes by orders of magnitude, and fuel cells prepared with such membranes have shown substantial increases in hfetime under aggressive hot and dry operation [60-62]. Unfortunately, these metal ions and oxides can consume ion exchange capacity and negatively impact fuel cell performance. 

S.J. Peighambardoust, S. Rowshanzamir, M. Amjadi, Review of the proton exchange membranes for fuel cell preparation, Int J Hydrogen Energy, 35 (17), 9349-9384, 2010. 

Differences in acid loading, conductivity, mechanical properties, inherent viscosity and fuel cell performance have been shown to vary depending on the method through which the PBI was synthesized and processed. Two methods of processing have been shown to produce greater conductivity than the conventional imbibing method. Recent reviews by Savinell, Bjerrum, Li, Benicewicz, and Schmidt discuss PBI membranes for fuel cells prepared by many different methods [5-7], In this review, we will focus on the preparation, properties and fuel cell performance of acid-doped membranes made by a unique sol-gel method termed the PPA process. 

Lin HL. Hsieh YS. Chiu CW et al (2009) Durability and stability test of proton exchange membrane fuel cells prepared from PBI/PTFE composite membrane. J Power Sources 193 170-174... 

Li Q, He R, Jensen JO et al (2004) PBI-based polymer membranes for high temperature fuel cells— preparation, characterizations and fuel cell demonstrations. Fuel Cells 4 147-159... 

G.S. Chai, S.B. Yoon and J.-S. Yu, Highly efficient anode electrode materials for direct methanol fuel cell prepared with ordered and disordered arrays of carbon nanofibers. Carbon 43,2005,3028-3031. 

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