Mesenchymally derived cells

In many cell types, D2 receptor stimulation has an effect on enzymes metabolizing membrane lipids. We have mentioned above that in mesenchyme-derived cells and in striatal neurons, D2 agonists stimulate the activity of PLCp by mobilizing Gpy complex, and produce an inositol triphosphate-dependent Ca2+ release from intracellular stores (Ghahremani et al., 1999). In CHO cells stably transfected with D2 receptors, D2 agonists potently enhance the release of arachidonic acid when intracellular Ca2+ levels are already enhanced. This effect was observed following stimulation of various Gi/o-coupled... 

FIGURE 61.5 Recombinant explant between bone-marrow-derived cells and oral epithelium following 12 days of development in a renal capsule. All the tissues visible are donor-derived, since the host kidney makes no cellular contribution to the tissue. Where epithelium in the recombinations was from GFP mice, in situ hybridization of sections of these tissues confirmed that all mesenchyme-derived cells were of wildtype origin (not shown). BO, bone Am, ameloblasts DP, dental pulp OD, odontoblasts, E, enamel D, dentin. Scale bar 80 /itm. (Reproduced from Ohazama, et al. /. Dent. Res. 83 518-522. With permission.)... 

Osteoblasts are the primary cells responsible for bone formation. They are derived from mesenchymal (stromal) cells that first differentiate into pre-osteoblasts and then into mature, bone matrix producing osteoblasts. Inactivated or resting osteoblasts become lining cells and thus a reservoir for bone forming cells to be activated at the next remodelling cycle. Osteoblasts trapped and embedded in the mineralised matrix are called osteocyts, and are important for many properties of living bone. 

S. Fortier, M. Touaibia, S. Lord-Dufour, J. Galipeau, R. Roy, and B. Annabi, Tetra- and hexavalent mannosides inhibit the pro-apoptotic, antiproliferative and cell surface clustering effects of concanavalin A Impact on MT1-MMP functions in marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells, Glycobiology, 18 (2008) 195-204. 

The lymph node microenvironment represents a niche where CLL cells interact with different types of cells including monocyte-derived nurse-like cells (NLC), CD3+ CD4+ CD154+ T cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells (15). In addition to cell-cell interactions, CLL cells are also exposed to a variety of soluble factors such as antigens, cytokines, and chemokines (2). It is the combination of such signals that renders CLL cells less susceptible to chemotherapy and promotes clonal evolution and drug resistance. Thus, the role of the microenvironment needs to be carefully considered in order to develop novel and more effective therapies for CLL treatment (16). In particular, the efficacy of new drugs must be evaluated under experimental conditions that recapitulate (or at least partially mimic) the CLL microenvironment. 

Zhang Q, Nguyen AL, Shi S et al (2011) Three-dimensional spheroid culture of human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells enhances mitigation of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Stem Cells Dev 21(6) 937-947... 

Barbash IM, Chouraqui P, Baron J, Eeinberg MS, Etzion S, Tessone A, Miller R, Guetta E, Zipori D, Kedes LH, Kloner RA, Leor J. Systemic delivery of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to the infarcted myocardium feasibility, cell migration, and body distribution. Circulation 2003 108 863-868. 

Duan HF, Wu CT, Wu DL, Lu Y, Liu HJ, Ha XQ, Zhang QW, Wang H, Jia XX, Wang LS. Treatment of myocardial ischemia with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing hepatocyte growth factor. Mol Ther 2003 8 467-474. 

J. M. Zimmet and J. M. Hare. Emerging Role For Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Myocardial Regenerative Therapy. Basic Res Cardiol 2005 100 471-A81. 

Lazarus, H. M., Haynesworth, S. E., Gerson, S. L., Rosenthal,N. S., and Caplan,A. I. (1995), Ex vivo expansion and subsequent infusion of human bone marrow-derived stromal progenitor cells (mesenchymal progenitor cells) Implications for therapeutic use, Bone Marrow Transplant., 16(4), 557-564. 

N., Peters, C., Aubourg, P, et al. (1995), Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells remain host-derived despite successful hematopoietic engraftment after allogeneic transplantation in patients with lysosomal and peroxisomal storage diseases. Exp. Hematol, 27(11), 1675-1681. 

Panepucci, R. A., Siufi, J. L., Silva, W. A., Jr., et al. (2004), Comparison of gene expression of umbilical cord vein and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, Stem Cells, 22(7), 1263-1278. 

Jeong, J. A., Hong, S. H., Gang, E. I, et al. (2005), Differential gene expression profiling of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells by DNA microarray, Stem Cells, 23(4), 584-593. 

Reinisch, A., Bartmann, C., Rohde, E. S. K., Bjelic-Radisic, V., Lanzer, G., Linkesch, W., and Strunk, D. (2007), A humanized system to propagate cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells for clinical application, Regen. Med. 2007 Jul 2(4), 371-382. 

Robinson, S. N., Ng, J., Niu, T., et al. (2006), Superior ex vivo cord blood expansion following co-culture with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, Bone Marrow Transplant., 37(4), 359-366. 

Tolar, J., Nauta, A. J., Osborn, M. X, et al. (2007), Sarcoma derived from cultured mesenchymal stem cells, Stem Cells, 25(2), 371-379. 

Human marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) express hematopoietic cytokines and support long-term hematopoiesis when differentiated toward stromal and osteogenic lineages Majumdar, M.K., Thiede, M.A., Haynesworth, S.E., Bruder, S.P., Gerson, S.L. (2000). JHematother Stem Cell Res, 9 (6) 841-848. 

Isolated animal cells in tissue culture, no matter how highly differentiated, tend to revert quickly to one of three basic types known as epitheliocytes, mechanocytes, and amebocytes. Epitheliocytes are closely adherent cells derived from epithelial tissues and thought to be related in their origins to the two surface layers of the embryonic blastula. Mechanocytes, often called fibroblasts or fibrocytes, are derived from muscle, supporting, or connective tissue. Like the amebocytes, they arise from embryonic mesenchymal tissue cells that have migrated inward from the lower side of the blastula (Chapter 32). Neurons, neuroglia, and lymphocytes are additional distinct cell types. 

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