Cellular Contribution

Dissecting the cellular contributions to early visual sensory processing deficits in schizophrenia using the VESPA evoked response. Schizophr Res 98 256-264. 

The Pressure Drop Factor represents the cellxdar structural contribution to the pressure loss down the length of the flow path and can be thought of as the cellular contribution to the core pressure drop coefficient (8). The Pressure Drop Factor is defined as ... 

The Heat Mass Transfer and Pressure Drop Factors will be used to evaluate the relative performance of various channel shapes that might be used for catalyst supports. In these applications it is desirable to maximize the heat and mass transfer and to minimize the pressure drop. As their derivations show, these factors represent the cellular contributions to these phenomena. Therefore, if the outer dimensions (length, cross-sectional area, and volume) and the characteristics of the environment (temperature, fluid viscosity and density) are held constant, these two factors determine the heat transfer, mass transfer, and pressure drop behavior of the system. 

The SMC cell lineages are differently distributed in large elastic arteries Ect SMC are mainly localized in the vessels proximal to the heart (outflow tract and aortic arch arteries), whereas Mes SMC are found in the distal part of the same arteries ([207] see also Fig. 11). One exception to this rule is represented by the formation of coronary arteries that are locally formed by ingrowth of epicardial layer precursors and subsequently connected to the root of the aorta [215]. This process is apparently carried out without the cellular contribution of cardiac neural crest, but this tissue is able to influence the spatial order of developing coronary arteries [218,219]. Future studies must address the point of comparing the process... 

FIGURE 61.5 Recombinant explant between bone-marrow-derived cells and oral epithelium following 12 days of development in a renal capsule. All the tissues visible are donor-derived, since the host kidney makes no cellular contribution to the tissue. Where epithelium in the recombinations was from GFP mice, in situ hybridization of sections of these tissues confirmed that all mesenchyme-derived cells were of wildtype origin (not shown). BO, bone Am, ameloblasts DP, dental pulp OD, odontoblasts, E, enamel D, dentin. Scale bar 80 /itm. (Reproduced from Ohazama, et al. /. Dent. Res. 83 518-522. With permission.)... 

Typically, dry potassium nitrate is pulverized in a ball mill. Sulfur is milled into cellular charcoal to form a uniform mix in a separate ball mill. The nitrate and the sulfur—charcoal mix are screened and then loosely mixed by hand or in a tumbling machine. Magnetic separators may be used to ensure the absence of ferrous metals. The preliminary mix is transferred to an edge-mimer wheel mill with large, heavy cast iron wheels. A clearance between the pan and the wheels is required for safety purposes. The size of this gap also contributes to the density of the black powder granules obtained. Water is added to minimize dusting and improve incorporation of the nitrate into the charcoal. The milling operation requires ca 3 to 6 h. 

The variation in total thermal conductivity with density has the same general nature for ah. cellular polymers (143,189). The increase in at low densities is owing to an increased radiant heat transfer the rise at high densities to an increasing contribution of k. ... 

SpeciTc Heat. The specific heat of a cellular polymer is simply the sum of the specific heats of each of its components. The contribution of the gas is small and can be neglected in many cases. 

Many cellular plastic products are available with different types of protective faces, including composite metal and plastic foils, fiber-reinforced plastic skins, and other coatings. These reduce but do not eliminate the rate of aging. For optimum performance, such membranes must be totally adhered to the foam, and other imperfections such as wrinkles, cuts, holes, and unprotected edges should be avoided because they all contribute to accelerated aging. 

The biochemical basis for the toxicity of mercury and mercury compounds results from its ability to form covalent bonds readily with sulfur. Prior to reaction with sulfur, however, the mercury must be metabolized to the divalent cation. When the sulfur is in the form of a sulfhydryl (— SH) group, divalent mercury replaces the hydrogen atom to form mercaptides, X—Hg— SR and Hg(SR)2, where X is an electronegative radical and R is protein (36). Sulfhydryl compounds are called mercaptans because of their ability to capture mercury. Even in low concentrations divalent mercury is capable of inactivating sulfhydryl enzymes and thus causes interference with cellular metaboHsm and function (31—34). Mercury also combines with other ligands of physiological importance such as phosphoryl, carboxyl, amide, and amine groups. It is unclear whether these latter interactions contribute to its toxicity (31,36). 

Ion Channels. The excitable cell maintains an asymmetric distribution across both the plasma membrane, defining the extracellular and intracellular environments, as well as the intracellular membranes which define the cellular organelles. This maintained a symmetric distribution of ions serves two principal objectives. It contributes to the generation and maintenance of a potential gradient and the subsequent generation of electrical currents following appropriate stimulation. Moreover, it permits the ions themselves to serve as cellular messengers to link membrane excitation and cellular... 

AKAPs are a diverse family of about 75 scaffolding proteins. They are defined by the presence of a structurally conserved protein kinase A (PKA)-binding domain. AKAPs tether PKA and other signalling proteins to cellular compartments and thereby limit and integrate cellular signalling processes at specific sites. This compartmentalization of signalling by AKAPs contributes to the specificity of a cellular response to a given external stimulus (e.g. a particular hormone or neurotransmitter). 

Cytotoxics also cause cellular damage and the release of serotonin and other mediators from enterochromaffin cells. There is conflicting evidence regarding whether 5-HT3 receptors in the medulla are activated also during chemotherapy and contribute to production of emesis. Currently, the weight of evidence favours peripheral 5-HT3 receptors, with minor involvement of central receptors. 

K Channels belong to a class of membrane proteins that form highly K-selective pores in membranes. All known K Channels are composed of several (usually four) pore forming alpha subunits and auxiliary beta subunits. K Channels play an essential role in cellular excitability, being involved in repolarization of Action Potentials and setting the cell resting potential as well as contributing to potassium homeostasis. 

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