Mercury zinc, primary

Mercury-zinc primary batteries 8/3 8.2 Mercury-indium-bismuth and mercury-cadmium primpiy batteries 8/3... 

The performance characteristics of a 675 size mercury-zinc primary button cell arc listed m Table 8.2. 

Table37.1 Applicationscf mercury-zinc primary batteries availabletiom Crompton-Parkinson...

Batteries. Many batteries intended for household use contain mercury or mercury compounds. In the form of red mercuric oxide [21908-53-2] mercury is the cathode material in the mercury—cadmium, mercury—indium—bismuth, and mercury—zinc batteries. In all other mercury batteries, the mercury is amalgamated with the zinc [7440-66-6] anode to deter corrosion and inhibit hydrogen build-up that can cause cell mpture and fire. Discarded batteries represent a primary source of mercury for release into the environment. This industry has been under intense pressure to reduce the amounts of mercury in batteries. Although battery sales have increased greatly, the battery industry has aimounced that reduction in mercury content of batteries has been made and further reductions are expected (3). In fact, by 1992, the battery industry had lowered the mercury content of batteries to 0.025 wt % (3). Use of mercury in film pack batteries for instant cameras was reportedly discontinued in 1988 (3). 

Nonferrous metallurgy is as varied as the ores and finished products. Almost every thermal, chemical, and physical process known to engineers is in use. The general classification scheme that follows gives an understanding of the emissions and control systems aluminum (primary and secondary), beryllium, copper (primary and secondary), lead (primary and secondary), mercury, zinc, alloys of nonferrous metals (primary and secondary), and other nonferrous metals. 

Mercury, Zinc, and Copper. The thermal decomposition of 2-thienylmercury thiocyanate, azide, acetate, and trifluoromethylsulphonate has been investigated. Thienylmercury derivatives have been cross-coupled with primary and secondary alkyl- and alkenyl-cuprate reagents. 2-Thienylzinc chloride has been coupled with iodobenzene and vinyl bromide, using Pd catalysis. ... 

Penicillamine is a chelating agent which binds copper, mercury, zinc, and lead. It has been used to treat poisoning from these chemicals and also for disorders of copper metabolism such as Wilson s disease and primary biliary cirrhosis. Penicillamine has been tried in scleroderma and arthritis. Hypersensitivity reactions are common. About 20%-30% of the patients show hypersensitivity reactions suchs as morbilliform exanthema, urticaria, purpura, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia (Meyboom 1975 Balme and Huskisson 1977). More severe skin symptoms associated with penicillamine therapy are Stevens-Johnson syndrome, pemphigus, myasthenia gravis, cholestatic jaundice (Barzilai et al. 1978), nephropathy (Lange 1978) and lupus-like syndrome (Harpey et al. 1972). 

Besides the family of manganese dioxide cells with zinc as negative electrode during the last decades manifold other battery systems have been developed and produced for the market. More capacity and higher load ability were the motivation for research. Here can be named the mercury zinc cell, produced in millions of button cells each year for hearing aids, calculators, watches, cameras, etc. Never was it possible to create one universal cell doing the job for all kinds of applications. Always it has to be noticed that primary cells are specialists, exactly designed for a special application. So in 1980 the smallest button cell of the world was made by Varta with a diameter of 6.8 mm and a thickness of 0.7 mm for wristwatches. 

Within each Part, chapters are included on all available types of primary batteries, secondary batteries and batteries available in primary and secondary versions. The primary batteries include carbon-zinc, carbon-zinc chloride, mercury-zinc and other mercury types, manganese dioxide-magnesium perchlorate, magnesium organic, lithium types (sulphur dioxide, thionyl chloride, vanadium pentoxide, iodine and numerous other lithium types), thermally activated and seawater batteries. Batteries available in primary and secondary Corms include alkaline manganese, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, zinc-air and cadmium-air. The secondary batteries discussed include lead-acid, the nickel types (cadmium, iron, zinc, hydrogen), zinc-chlorine, sodium-sulphur and other fast ion types. 

Figure 30.30 Effect of ohmic ioad on service iife of Duraceii Rmi2R mercury-zinc 1.35 V primary batteries at 20 C on constant resistance ioad, 3600 mA to 0.9 V on 25R (Courtesyof Duraceii)...

Primary batteries, mercury-zinc, silver-zinc, lithium solid electrolyte types. 

Duracell Deutschland Technical Division, D-5020 Frechen, Hermann-Seger-Strasse 13 Primary batteries, mercury—zinc, silver—zinc, lithium solid electrolyte types. 

Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide, mercury-zinc, carbon-zinc Leclanche, magnesium types, silver oxide-zinc, zinc chloride Leclanche, zinc-air secondary batteries, alkaline, nickel-iron, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, sealed lead-acid, zinc-air, nickel-metal hydride secondary, lithium-manganese dioxide, lithium-silver chromate, lithium-lead bismuthate. 

Varta SpA, Via Teitulliano 70, 20137 Milan Primary batteries, zinc—alkaline manganese dioxide, mercury—zinc, carbon—zinc Leclanche, magnesium types, hthium types, silver oxide—zinc, zinc chloride Leclancti6, zinc—air, secondary batteries, alkaline, nickel—iron, nickel—cadmium, silver—zinc, silver—cadmium. 

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