Meal, flaxseed

F factor is 0.5 for light materials such as barley, beans, brewers grains (dry), coal (pulverized), cornmeal, cottonseed meal, flaxseed, flour, malt, oats, rice, and wheat. 

Leinsamen, m. flaxseed, linseed, -abkochung, /. decoction of linseed, -mehl, n. flaxseed meal, linseed meal, -ol, n. linseed oil. -schleim, m. linseed (or flaxseed) mucilage. 

Wanasundara et al. (1999) reported that neutral lipids (acylglycerols and fatty acids) constitute 96% of the total lipid in flaxseed, whereas polar lipids (glycolipids and phospholipids) account for 1.4%. Stenberg et al. (2005) observed similar findings except that less phospholipid was detected. Froment et al. (1999) discussed the effects of cultivar, location, and late harvest on phospholipid content. Neutral lipid fraction of flaxseed meal was 95-98% triacylglycerols (TAG) and thus accounts for the predominant lipid in flaxseed (Oomah et al., 1996). 

Albumin- and globulin-type proteins are the major proteins in flaxseed. According to Madhusudhan and Singh (1983), flaxseed albumin comprised 20% of total meal protein. Marcone et al. (1998) reported that the globulin fraction makes up 73.4% of total protein, and the albumin constitutes about 26.6%> of total protein. In contrast, Youle and Huang (1981) reported that 2S proteins accounted for 42%> of the total seed proteins. Sammour (1999) also reported albumin accounted for 40.2%> of the total protein content. 

AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF LABORATORY-PREPARED AND COMMERCIAL FLAXSEED MEALS... 

Various methods could be used to reduce the cyanogenic glycosides content in the seed. Wanasundara et al. (1993) investigated the use of solvents extraction as a means to reduce cyanogenic glycosides content of flaxseed meal. They found that extraction of flaxseed with alkanol-ammonia-water/ hexane resulted in enhanced removal of cyanogenic compounds from 41 to... 

Kratzer (1946) reported that pyridoxine supplementation in chicks on diets containing a linseed meal was necessary to counteract the vitamin B6 deficiency. Klosterman et al. (1967) identified the antipyridoxine factor linatine. Although linatine is a problem in chicks, flaxseed has not been associated with a vitamin B6 deficiency in humans. In fact, no affect on serum pyridoxine levels in subjects consuming 45 grams of flaxseed per day over 5 weeks was observed (Dieken, 1992). 

Flaxseed consumption did not affect the pregnancy of the rats (Collins et al., 2003 Tou et al., 1998). Flaxseed (20% and 40%) and flaxseed meal (13% and 26%) diets did not affect fertility, litter size, or survival of offspring (Collins et al., 2003). However, length of gestation, anogenital distance and index, onset of puberty, and estrous cycles were affected by flaxseed consumption. 

Oomah, B.D., Mazza, G., and Przybylski, R. 1996. Comparison of flaxseed meal lipids extracted with different solvents. Leb. Wiss. Tech. 29, 654-658. 

Thacker, P.A., Racz, V.J., and Soita, H.W. 2004. Performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs fed barley-based diets supplemented with Linpro (extruded whole flaxseed and peas) or soybean meal. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 84, 681-688. 

Wanasundara, J. and Shahidi, F. 1994. Functional properties and amino acid composition of solvent-extracted flaxseed meals. Food Chem. 49, 45-51. 

The oil content of flaxseed ranges from 400 to 450g/kg and the byproduct of mechanical oil extraction - flaxseed (or linseed) meal - can be used in organic poultry feeding. There is also interest in feeding the ground whole oil-containing seed to poultry for two main reasons to produce meat with a fatty acid profile in the fat that confers health benefits to the consumer (Conners, 2000) and to impart an enhanced flavour to the meat. 

Flaxseed or flaxseed meal contains a number of ANFs for livestock, the main ones being linamarin and linatine. Linamarin is a cyanoglycoside, which has the potential to cause cyanide poisoning by the action of the enzyme lina-marase (linase). The mature seed contains little or no linamarin, and linana-marase is normally destroyed by heat during oil extraction. Linatine is a dipeptide that can act as an antagonist for pyridoxine. 

Chia seed contains 25 0% oil and 18-30% protein. The chia meal is high in protein and fiber similar to flaxseed and soybean (52, 53). Chia seed, oil, and meal can be used as ingredients with high nutritional value for human food and animal feed. Chia seed contains mucilage and water-soluble fiber, may possibly contain lignans, and is similar to flax (53). Trials conducted in 1995 and 1996 showed yield and oil contents to be affected by growing conditions and harvested yields were up to 1500 kg/ha (52). 

Small oilseeds, such as flaxseed, perilla, rapeseed, and sesame, are often handled without decortication because of processing difficulties. Although several decortication installations were tried on safflower, they were not very successful (26). Sunflower is usually decorticated however, the final decision to do so depends on the meal market available to the oil mill and if economical uses for hulls can be found (27, 28). 

Odwalla Berries GoMega Bar—contains a blend of purees from figs, dates, and berries, plus flaxseeds, soy meal, and sunflower oil... 

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