Chia seed

Taga MS, Miller EE and Pratt DE. 1984. Chia seeds as a source of natural lipid antioxidants. J Am Oil Chem Soc 61 (5) 928—931. 

Taga SM, Miller EE, Pratt DE. Chia Seeds as a Source of Natural Lipid /Antioxidants. Journal of the /American Oil Chemists Society. 1984 61(5) 928-931. 

Chia Salvia hispanica). Chia seeds contain 32-38% of a highly unsaturated oil (97). The fatty acid composition for five samples from Argentina have saturated acids (9-11%), oleic (7-8%), linoleic (20-21%), and linolenic acid (52-63%). 

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an annual herbaceous plant from the mint family, Labiatae, and it is native to southern Mexico, northern Guatemala, and can be grown in South America and the Southwestern United States (52). This plant was used by the Aztec and other tribes of Central America as an important crop not only for food, but also for medicine and paint. Chia oil is a century-old ingredient that has been rediscovered today as a potential ingredient for cosmetic and food industries (52). Although chia has been cultivated for several centuries, presently it is cultivated only in some states in Mexico. The total area cultivated is less than 450 hectares per year. Trials to adopt this cultivar to other regions of America have been done with positive results (52). Chia seeds and oil are available on the American continent in health food stores. 

Chia seed contains 25 0% oil and 18-30% protein. The chia meal is high in protein and fiber similar to flaxseed and soybean (52, 53). Chia seed, oil, and meal can be used as ingredients with high nutritional value for human food and animal feed. Chia seed contains mucilage and water-soluble fiber, may possibly contain lignans, and is similar to flax (53). Trials conducted in 1995 and 1996 showed yield and oil contents to be affected by growing conditions and harvested yields were up to 1500 kg/ha (52). 

Many other polysaccharides have been investigated as gums, but have not reached the status of commercial viability. Among these are polysaccharides from chia seeds [93], corn hull (corn fiber), flaxseed [93], okra [93], and tamarind seeds [93] (used in India). 

Chicco, A.G., M.E. D Alessandro, G.J. Hein, M.E. OUva, and Y.B. Lombardo. 2008. Dietary chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) rich in y-linolenic acid improves adiposity and normalises h)rpertri-acylglycerolaemia and insulin resistance in dysUpaemic rats. Br. J. Nutr. 101(l) 41-50. 

In dyslipemic rats fed diets containing 33% chia seed for 3 weeks, the onset of dyslipidemia and insulin resistance was prevented, with no change in glycemia (Chicco et al. 2008). 

ALA is found in plant chloroplast membranes, animal tissues, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and marine species. In plants, ALA is found in leaves, mainly in glycolipids and in triacylglycerols in certain seed oils (rapeseed, flaxseed, per-illa seed, chia seed), beans (soybeans, navy beans), and nuts (walnuts) (2,3). 

Chia seeds Seeds from a wild sage that grows in Mexico and in southweslern U.S. May be added as a thickener lo cereals, doughs lor baking, sauces, spreads, etc. Data on ihe nulrleht composition is not readily available. These seeds become jellylike when soaked in a liquid. 

Ixtaina, V.Y., Vega, A., Nolasco, S.M., Tomas, M.C., Gimeno, M., Birzana, E. and Tecante, A. 2010. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil from Mexican chia seed (Salvia his-panica L.) Characterization and process optimization, J. Supercrit. Fluids 55 192-199. 

Butternuts, dried Walnuts, English/Persian Chia seeds, dried Walnuts, black Beechnuts, dried... 

Alvarez-Chavez, L.M., Valdivia-Lopez, M.D., Aburto-Juarez, M.D., Tecante, A., 2008. Chemical characterization of the Upid fraction of Mexican chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.). Int. J. Food Prop. 11, 687-697. 

Ayerza, R., Coates, W., 2005. Ground chia seed and chia oil effects on plasma lipids and fatty acids in the rat. Nutr. Res. 25, 995-1003. 

Ciftci, O.N., Przybylski, R., Rudzihska, M., 2012. lipid components of flax, perilla, and chia seeds. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 114,794-800. 

Da Silva Marineli, R., Lenquiste, S.A., Moraes, fi.A., Mardstica Jr., M.R., 2015. Antioxidant potential of dietary chia seed and oil (Salvia hispanica L.) in diet-induced obese rats. Food Res. Int. 76, 666-674. 

Illian, T.G., Casey, J.C., Bishop, P.A., 2011. Omega 3 chia seed loading as a means of carbohydrate loading. J. Strength Cond. Res. 25, 61-65. 

Jeong, S.K., Park, H.J., Park, B.D., Kim, I.H., 2010. Effectiveness of tt ical chia seed oil on pruritus of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and healthy volunteors. Ann. Dermatol. 22, 143-148. 

Lin, K.Y., Daniel, J.R., Whistler, R.L., 1994. Structure of chia seed polysaccharide exudate. Carbo-hydr. Polym. 23, 13-18. 

Nieman, D., Gillitt, N., Meaney, M., Dew, D., 2015. No positive influence of ingesting chia seed oil on human running performance. Nutrients 7,3666. 

Nieman, D.C., Cayea, E.J., Austin, M.D., Henson, D.A., Mcanulty, S.R., Jin, F.X., 2009. Chia seed does not promote weight loss or alter disease risk factors in overweight adults. Nutr. Res. 29, 414-418. 

Rossi, A.S., Oliva, M.E., Ferreira, M.R., Chicco, A., Lombardo, Y.B., 2013. Dietary chia seed induced changes in hepatic transcription factors and their target Upogenic and oxidative enzyme activities in dyslipidaemic insulin-resistant rats. Brit. J. Nutr. 109,1617-1627. 

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