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Raw water essentially should be free of suspended matter, natural organics, iron, manganese, and sulfur gases. Ideally, it should also be low in hardness, alkalinity, silica, and bacteria and have a pH level of approximately 7 to 8. 

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Science is an adventure Science is an adventure of asking questions and finding answers. For thousands of years people have been asking questions about matter, nature, life, and our world. We have learned many wonderful things, but there is much more for us to learn. 

Bushaw, K. L., R. G. Zepp, M. A. Tarr, D. Schulz-Jander, R. A. Bourbonniere, R. E. Hodson, W. L. Miller, D. A. Bronk, and M. A. Moran. 1996. Photochemical release of biologically available nitrogen from dissolved organic matter. Nature 381 404-407. 

Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, referred to as nitro-aromatic compounds hereafter, constitute one of the most troubling classes of environmental pollutants. They are derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that contain two or more fused aromatic rings made of carbon and hydrogen atoms and at least one nitro group (Fig. 10.1). Concern about these compounds arises partly from their ubiquity nitro-aromatic compounds are released to the environment directly from a variety of incomplete combustion processes [1] and are also formed in situ by atmospheric reactions of PAHs [2]. Nitro-aromatic compounds have been found in grilled food in diesel, gasoline, and wood-smoke emissions and are commonly found in atmospheric particulate matter, natural waters, and sediment [3-8],... 

Bushaw, K.L., Zepp, R.G., Tarr, M.A., Schulz-Jander, D., Bourbonniere, R.A., Hodson, R.E., Miller, W.L., Bronk, D.A., and Moran, M.A. (1996) Photochemical release of biologically available nitrogen from aquatic dissolved organic matter. Nature 381, 404 107. 

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Several factors may account for large resuspension rates. The retrieval and deployment of the trap at the sediment surface may resuspend some particulate matter. Natural resuspension may result from storms and sediment-focusing mechanisms. Postdepositional remobilization may increase the sedimentation rate of210 Pb at the deepest point of Lake Sempach (41). Because we cannot discriminate among different resuspension processes, we assumed that the Mn concentration in the resuspended material is equal to that in the sedimenting particles at a depth of 86 m. Particulate MnO, is rapidly reduced at the sediment surface therefore, this procedure tends to overestimate the resuspension term. 

Hodson, W.L. Miller, D.A. Bronk, M.A. Moran (1996). Photochemical release of biologically available nitrogen from dissolved organic matter. Nature, 381,404-407. 

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