Natural organic matter removal

Bose, P., and Reckhow, D. A. (2007). The effect of ozonation on natural organic matter removal by alum coagulation. Water Res. 41,1516-1524. 

Schafer, A. I., A. G. Fane, and T. D. Waite, "Nanofiltration of Natural Organic Matter Removal, Fouling, and the Influence of Multivalent Ions," Desalination, 118 (1998). 

Gregor, J. E., C. J. Nokes, and E. Eenton (1997). Optimising natural organic matter removal from low turbidity waters by controlled pH adjustment of aluminium coagulation. 

Chang Y., Benjamin M.M, (1995), A combined iron oxide adsorption and ultrafiltration process for natural organic matter removal and fouling control, Proc. AWWA Annual Conference, Anaheim, 0, 657-666. 

Desalination, 118, Schafer, A.L Fane, A.G. Waite, T.D., Nanofiltration of Natural Organic Matter Removal, Fouling and the Influence of Multivalent Ions, 109-122, copyright 1998, with permission from Elsevier Science ... 

Ground and surface water applications include water softening [115], water disinfection by-product removal [116], natural organic matter removal [116-117], pesticide removal [118], and removal of a wide range of other pollutants [119]. Nanofiltration also can be used to remove microorganisms and viruses [120-121]. Such applications do not require the low molecular weight selectivity of reverse osmosis and are well suited for low-pressure nanofiltration. 

Bolto, B. Dixon, D. Eldridge, R. King, S. (2001). Cationic polymer and clay or metal oxide combinations for natural organic matter removal. Water Research.Vol. 35, p. 2669-2676. 

Schafer, A.I., Fane, A.G. and Waite, T.D. 1998. Nanofiltration of natural organic matter Removal, fouling and influence of multivalent ions, 118 109-122. 

H. Song, J. Shao, Y. He, B. Liu, and X. Zhong, Natural organic matter removal and flux decline with PEG-TiOj-doped PVDF membranes by integration of ultrafiltration with photocatalysis. Journal of Membrane Science 405 06 (2012) 48-56. 

Zhang, W., X. Zhang, Y. Li, J. Wang, and C. Chen. 2011. Membrane flux dynamics in the submerged ultrafiltration hybrid treatment process during particle and natural organic matter removal. J. Environ. Sci. 23 1970-1976. 

Water and Waste Water Treatment. PAG products are used in water treatment for removal of suspended soHds (turbidity) and other contaminants such as natural organic matter from surface waters. Microorganisms and colloidal particles of silt and clay are stabilized by surface electrostatic charges preventing the particles from coalescing. Historically, alum (aluminum sulfate hydrate) was used to neutralize these charges by surface adsorption of Al cations formed upon hydrolysis of the alum. Since 1983 PAG has been sold as an alum replacement in the treatment of natural water for U.S. municipal and industrial use. 

Color in water (apart from textile dyes, etc.) often is caused by the degradation of natural organic matter, resulting in colloidal humic and fiilvic acids. These are best removed by precipitation with metal salts, but performance may be improved with high-charge cationic polymers. 

Heijman SGJ, Verliefde ARD, Comelissen ER, Amy G, van Dijk JC (2007) Influence of natural organic matter (NOM) fouling on the removal of pharmaceuticals by nanoflltration and activated carbon filtration. Water Sci Technol Water Supply 7 17-23... 

When compounds like 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine or aniline are mixed with sediment, they become irretrievable using organic solvents that should remove them from absorbed positions within natural organic matter or using salt solutions that should displace them from ion exchange sites (Appleton et al., 1980 Weber et al., 2001). Conditions that promote hydrolysis (see Chapter 13) do release much of these added amino derivatives. Thus, it appears that reactions between the basic amine and carbonyl functionalities in the natural organic matter explain the strong sorption seen (Stevenson, 1976). 

All water sources may contain natural organic matter, but concentrations (usually measured as dissolved organic carbon, DOC) differ from 0.2 to more than 10 mg L l. NOM is a direct quality problem due to its color and odor, but more important are indirect problems, such as the formation of organic disinfection by-products (DBPs, e. g. M -halomethanes (THMs) due to chlorination), support of bacterial regrowth in the distribution system, disturbances of treatment efficiency in particle separation, elevated requirements for coagulants and oxidants or reductions in the removal of trace organics during adsorption and oxidation, etc. 

Siddiqui, M. S., G. L. Amy, and B. D. Murphy. 1997. Ozone enhanced removal of natural organic matter from drinking water sources. Water Research 31 3098-3106. 

Colosi LM, Burlingame DJ, Huang Q et al (2007) Peroxidase-mediated removal of a polychlorinated biphenyl using natural organic matter as the sole cosubstrate. Environ Sci Technol 41 891-896... 

One practical use of Fenton and photo-Fenton processes is the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) from organic rich waters before the chlorine disinfection of drinking water. It was observed that, under optimal conditions, both processes achieved more than 90% TOC removal, leading to the potential formation of trihalomethanes at concentrations below 10 ig IT1, well under UK and US standards [78]. 

Eighmy, T. T., M. R. Collins, and J. R, Malley Jr. (1993). Biologically Enhanced Slow Sand Filtration for Removal of Natural Organic Matter. Am. Water Works Assoc., Denver. 

Lee S and Cho J. Comparison of ceramic and polymeric membranes for natural organic matter (NOM) removal. Desalination 2004 160 223-232. 

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