Membrane fouling natural organic matter

Divalent cations, particularly calcium, have been shown to enhance fouling of membranes with natural organic matter (NOM).3 Because is it s acidic nature, NOM can form complexes with dissolved metal ions. The strongest bonds occur with calcium. This is a function of the size of the metal ion, it s electronic charge, and the... 

DiGiano F.A., Braghetta A., Nilson J., Utne B. (1994), Fouling of nanofiltration membranes by natural organic matter. National Conference on Environmental Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, 320-328. 

D. Violleau, H. Essis-Tome, H. Habarou, J.P. Croue, M. Pontie, fouling studies of a polyamide nanofiltration membrane by selected natural organic matter an analytical approach, Desalination 173 (2005) 223-238. 

Seidel, Arza, and Menachem Elimelech, Coupling Between Chemical and Physical Interactions in Natural Organic Matter (NOM) Fouling of Nanofiltration Membranes Implications for Fouling Control," Journal of Membrane Science, 203 (2002). 

Hong, S. and Elimelech, M., Chemical and physical aspects of natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of nanofiltration membranes, J. Membr. ScL, 132, 159, 1997. 

T. Carroll, N. A. Booker, and J. Meier-Haack, Polyelectrolyte-grafted microfiltration membranes to control fouling by natural organic matter in drinking water. Journal of Membrane Science 203, 3-13 (2002). 

In this book pressure-driven membrane processes are compared on the basis of their potential to remove natural organic matter (NOM), critical fouling conditions, and the structure of the deposit formed in and on the membranes. 

The presence of calcium and humic substances or natural organic matter (NOM) in surface waters can cause severe fouling of nanojittration (NF) membranes. Conditions offouling were studied as a function of solution chemistry, organic type, calcium concentration, hydrodynamic conditions, and membrane type. 

Amy G., Cho J. (1999), Interactions between natural organic matter (NOM) and membranes rejection and fouling, in Odegaard H. (Ed), Removal of humic substances from water. Conference Proceedings, Trondheim, Norway, 141-148. 

The modified membrane surfaces exhibit more hydrophilic and negative charged features after the treatment. Grafting with MA and AAG decreases the permeability of natural organic matter (NOM) to less than half of the untreated membrane. The modification reduces fouling by foulants such as NOM. In a similar study, best results, with respect to protein retention and protein solution flux, were obtained by grafting NVP, 2-acrylam-ido-2-methyl-l-propane sulfonic acid, and AA onto a 50 kDalton PES. ... 

M. Taniguchi, J. E. Kilduff, and G. Belfort. Low foufing synthetic membranes by UV-assisted graft polymerization Monomer selection to mitigate fouling by natural organic matter. J. Membr. ScL, 222(l-2) 59-70, September 2003. 

Van Geluwe, S., Braeken, L., and Van der Bruggen, B. 2011. Ozone oxidation for the alleviation of membrane fouling by natural organic matter A review. Water Res. 45 355-370. 

Attempts to quantify the fouling propensity of a feed water such as the Silt Density Index (SDI) and Modified Fouling Index (MFI) have met with limited success [128] due to the complex interactions between membrane and foulant. Fouling by natural organic matter depends critically on solution pH, ionic strength, and the presence of divalent cations due to changes in macromolecular structure [129]. Techniques for monitoring biofilm and scale formation are summarized in the literature [130]. 

Colloid fouling refers to membrane fouling with colloidal and suspended particles in the size range of a few nanometers to a few micrometers. Examples of common colloidal-sized fonlants inclnde clays, silica salts, and hydroxides of heavy metals (Potts et al. 1981). An increased concentration of the rejected ions at the front of the membrane snrface facilitates the aggregation of dissolved organic substances, for example, natural organic matter (NOM), into colloidal-sized particles (Hong and Elimelech 1997). 

GuUinkala, T. and Escobar, I. 2010. A green membrane functionalization method to decrease natural organic matter fouling. J Memh Sn. 360 155-164. 

Roudman, A.R. and DiGiano, F.A. 2000. Surface energy of experimental and commercial nanofiltration membranes Effects of wetting and natural organic matter fouling. Memb. Sci. 175 61-73. 

Lee, S., Kim, S., Cho, J. and Hoek, E.M.V. 2007b. Natural organic matter fouling due to foulant-membrane physicochemical interactions. Desaliggligg 202(1-3) 377-384. 

Kennedy, M.D. et al.. Natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of ultrafiltration membranes fractionation of NOM in surface water and characterisation by LC-OCD, Desalination, 178, 73, 2005. 

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