Water natural organic matter

Amer K, Karanfil T (2011) Formation of disinfection by-products in indoor swimming pool water. The contribution from filling water natural organic matter and swimmer body fluids. Water Res 45 926-932... 

Schmitt-Kopplin, P., Freitag, D., Kettrup, A., Schoen, U., and Egeberg, P. (1999a). Capillary zone electrophoretic studies on Norwegian surface water natural organic matter. Environ. Int. 25, 259-274. 

Maurice P. A., Pullin M. J., Cabaniss S. E., Zhou Q., Namjesnik-Dejanovic K., and Aiken G. R. (2002) A comparison of surface water natural organic matter in raw filtered water samples, XAD, and reverse osmosis isolates. Water Res. 36, 2357-2371. 

Leenheer J.A. (1996), Fractionation, isolation and characterisation of hydrophilic constituents of dissolved organic matter in water. Natural Organic Matter Workshop, Poitiers, France, September 96, 4. 

Water and Waste Water Treatment. PAG products are used in water treatment for removal of suspended soHds (turbidity) and other contaminants such as natural organic matter from surface waters. Microorganisms and colloidal particles of silt and clay are stabilized by surface electrostatic charges preventing the particles from coalescing. Historically, alum (aluminum sulfate hydrate) was used to neutralize these charges by surface adsorption of Al cations formed upon hydrolysis of the alum. Since 1983 PAG has been sold as an alum replacement in the treatment of natural water for U.S. municipal and industrial use. 

Color in water (apart from textile dyes, etc.) often is caused by the degradation of natural organic matter, resulting in colloidal humic and fiilvic acids. These are best removed by precipitation with metal salts, but performance may be improved with high-charge cationic polymers. 

Equilibrium complexation constants for Cu reactions with natural organic matter and the details of Cu speciation are bound to remain somewhat uncertain, since the composition of the complexing molecules varies from site to site. What is not in dispute is that the fraction of dissolved copper present as free aquo Cu is probably very small in any natural water. In extremely pristine waters, hydroxide and carbonate complexes may dominate, but organic complexes usually dominate in waters containing more than a few tenths of a mg/L organic carbon. 

The octanol-water partition coefficient KqW provides a direct estimate of hydrophobicity or of partitioning tendency from water to organic media such as lipids, waxes and natural organic matter such as humin or humic acid. It is invaluable as a method of estimating KoC, the organic carbon-water partition coefficient, the usual correlation invoked being that of Karickhoff (1981)... 

Tratnyek PG, Scherer MM, Deng BL (2001) Effects of natural organic matter, anthropogenic surfactants, and model quinones on the reduction of contaminants by zero-valent iron. Water Res 35 4435 4443... 

Partitioning in Natural Organic Matter-Water Systems, may write, by analogy to Equation 6,... 

Chemical/Physical. Ultrasonic irradiation (205-1078 kHz) of methyl tert-butyl ether (100 mM) in water in the presence of ozone maintained at 23 °C yielded tert-butyl formate and tert-butyl alcohol (Kang et al., 1999). The highest reaction rates occurred at 358 and 618 kHz. The combination of ozone and ultrasonic irradiation was more effective in degrading methyl tert-butyl ether than ultrasound and ozone alone. The investigators concluded that the combination of ozone and ultrasound irradiation was most effective at a frequency of 358 kHz. The rate of degradation of methyl tert-hniyX ether was not affected in the presence of natural organic matter. 

Heijman SGJ, Verliefde ARD, Comelissen ER, Amy G, van Dijk JC (2007) Influence of natural organic matter (NOM) fouling on the removal of pharmaceuticals by nanoflltration and activated carbon filtration. Water Sci Technol Water Supply 7 17-23... 

Westerhoff P, Chao P, Mash H (2004) Reactivity of natural organic matter with aqueous chlorine and bromine. Water Res 38 1502-1513... 

NDMA were observed in ozonated drinking water from Germany and came as a surprise because ozone does not form NDMA by reaction with natural organic matter. The chlorination products of NA -dimethylsulfamide have not been investigated yet. 

A combined effect of natural organic matter and surfactants on the apparent solubility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is reported in the paper of Cho et al. (2002). Kinetic studies were conducted to compare solubilization of hydro-phobic contaminants such as naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene into distilled water and aqueous solutions containing natural organic matter (NOM) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant. The results obtained after 72hr equilibration are reproduced in Fig. 8.19. The apparent solubility of the three contaminants was higher in SDS and NOM solutions than the solubility of these compounds in distilled water. When a combined SDS-NOM aqueous solution was used, the apparent solubility of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene was lower than in the NOM-aqueous solution. 

Fig. 8.19 Solubility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, lOmg/L) and Sunwannee River natural organic matter (NOM, lOmg/L) solution. C denotes increased solubility in SDS and NOM solutions and is the solubility in water. (Cho et al. 2002)...

Au, K.-K. Penisson, A.C. Yang, S. O Melia, C.R. (1999) Natural organic matter at oxide/ water interfaces complexation and conformation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63 2903-2917... 

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