Matter Bose-Einstein condensate

There are five physical states for matter, Bose-Einstein condensate, soUd, liquid, gas, and plasma and polymers exist almost exclusively in the solid state at room tempeiatuie. There are a few liquid polymers, mostly siloxanes of limited molecular mass, and virtually no gaseous polymers unless sample temperature is very... 

One of the most amazing phenomena in quantum many-particle systems is the formation of quantum condensates. Of particular interest are strongly coupled fermion systems where bound states arise. In the low-density limit, where even-number fermionic bound states can be considered as bosons, Bose-Einstein condensation is expected to occur at low temperatures. The solution of Eq. (6) with = 2/j, gives the onset of pairing, the solution of Eq. (7) with EinP = 4/i the onset of quartetting in (symmetric) nuclear matter. At present, condensates are investigated in systems where the cross-over from Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) pairing to Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) can be observed, see [11,12], In these papers, a two-particle state is treated in an uncorrelated medium. Some attempts have been made to include the interaction between correlated states, see [7,13]. 

In a simplistic and conservative picture the core of a neutron star is modeled as a uniform fluid of neutron rich nuclear matter in equilibrium with respect to the weak interaction (/3-stable nuclear matter). However, due to the large value of the stellar central density and to the rapid increase of the nucleon chemical potentials with density, hyperons (A, E, E°, E+, E and E° particles) are expected to appear in the inner core of the star. Other exotic phases of hadronic matter such as a Bose-Einstein condensate of negative pion (7r ) or negative kaon (K ) could be present in the inner part of the star. 

A newly discovered, highly organized state of matter in which clusters of 20-30 component atoms are magnetically contained and adiabatically cooled to within 2-3 X 10 K of absolute zero. At this point, the motions of the contained atoms are overcome by very weak cohesive forces of the Bose-Einstein condensate. While of no apparent relevance to biochemical kinetics, the Bose-Einstein condensate represents one of the most perfect forms of self-assembly, inasmuch as aU atoms within the condensate share identical Schrodinger wave equations. 

The previous chapter dealt with chemical bonding and the forces present between the atoms in molecules. Forces between atoms within a molecule are termed intramolecular forces and are responsible for chemical bonding. The interaction of valence electrons between atoms creates intramolecular forces, and this interaction dictates the chemical behavior of substances. Forces also exist between the molecules themselves, and these are collectively referred to as intermolecular forces. Intermolecular forces are mainly responsible for the physical characteristics of substances. One of the most obvious physical characteristics related to intermolecular force is the phase or physical state of matter. Solid, liquid, and gas are the three common states of matter. In addition to these three, two other states of matter exist—plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. 

Bose-Einstein Condensate phase of matter that is created just above absolute zero when atoms lose their individual identity Boyle s Law law that states volume of a gas is inversely related to its pressure Breeder Reactor type of nuclear reactor that creates or breeds fissionable plutonium from nonfissionable U-238 Buckministerfullerene Cg, allotrope of carbon consisting of spherical arrangement of carbon, named after architect Buckmin-ister Fuller, Invertor of geodesic dome Buffer a solution that resists a change in pH... 

Plasmas and Bose-Einstein condensates are relatively well-accepted as the fourth and fifth states of matter, while the others described here are more controversial. These are sometimes considered other states of matter and sometimes viewed as special categories of traditional solids, liquids, and gases. 

While plasmas and Bose-Einstein condensates are widely accepted as new states of matter, a few phases are still very much on the fringe. These substances do not fit squarely in the traditional states of matter categories and are described here. 

Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) A super-cold, super-slow moving clump of atoms considered a unique state of matter by some scientists. 

Bose-Einstein condensate A state of matter, different from a solid, liquid or gas, formed when individual atoms cooled to temperatures close to absolute zero behave as a single large superatom. ... 

Comparable low temperatures have also been obtained by trapping gaseous particles in magnetic fields and lowering their velocity by absorption and reemission of laser energy. Using these methods, a new state of matter, the Bose-Einstein condensate has been created. 

Bose-Einstein Condensates Bose-Einstein condensates are the coldest substances made by humankind. This module explores how matter can be cooled to such a great extent, and the applications of coherent matter. 

Science is an international enterprise, which the examples in this book make clear. Although communities may differ enormously in their cultures, their religious convictions, their artistic expressions, and their political structures, in the arena of science, the world s diverse human groups are unified. There is no German science, no Asian science, no Hindu science. Bose was Indian, Einstein was German, but the two came together as scientists and predicted a new form of matter— the Bose-Einstein condensate, which was evenmally verified by American scientists. 

There are various ways that fame comes to a scientist. For Satyendranath Bose it was asking Albert Einstein to run interference for him. Eventually his name was linked with Einstein s in both a statistical method of dealing with quantum particles, called Bose-Einstein statistics, as well as the peculiar state of matter known as the Bose-Einstein condensate. In addition, Bose had a class of particles named after him the boson. As this example illustrates, Einstein s scientific influence was telling. 

Every elementary school pupil is taught that there are three states of matter solid, liquid, and gas. To these might be added plasma, which exists at extremely high temperatures, or the Bose-Einstein condensate, at extremely low ones. However, one needn t resort to superfrigid or superhot extremes to find states of matter that challenge the ordinary division into solids, liquids, and gases. Such everyday substances as mayonnaise or window glass will do the trick. 

There are other states that are beyond the scope of this book. For example, most visible matter in the universe is plasma—a gas whose particles have broken apart and are charged. Bose-Einstein condensates have been described at very low temperatures. A neutron star is also considered by some to be a state of matter. 

Axions come out of a sort of Bose-Einstein condensation in the early universe rather than from a state of thermal equilibrium, and so will be cold no matter how small their masses. Kolb and Turner in their 1990 duograph (59) gave them a whole chapter (chapter 10), and nothing seems to have happened since to make them a less serious candidate, though the masses must now be in the smaller of the two ranges then possible, near 1 O 5 eV, to keep decay products below detectability (ApOl, Sect. 12.5). Laboratory searches are in progress, and if they find something persuasive, you won t need me to tell you about it. 

Rubidium gas has become important in the study of an exotic state of matter called a Bose-Einstein condensate. This state, first predicted in 1924 by Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, was not observed until 1995. Many laboratories now produce these cooled clouds of atoms, mostly using gases of alkali elements, which have appropriate spin and magnetic properties. 

Bose-Einstein condensates display unusual properties and are considered a new phase of matter. The atoms get packed together so closely that their wavefunctions become correlated like those of photons in... 

Bose-Einstein condensate a state of matter, produced in laboratories, in which atoms are packed so close together that their wavefunctions become correlated similar to those of photons in a laser beam, and coherent matter waves can be formed. 

What happens to a gas when cooled to nearly absolute zero More than seventy years ago, Albert Einstein, extending work by the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, predicted that at extremely low temperatures gaseous atoms of certain elements would "merge" or "condense" to form a single entity and a new form of matter. Unlike ordinary gases, liquids, and solids, this super-cooled substance, which was named the Bose-Einstein condensate (BECj, would contain no individual atoms because the original atoms would overlap one another, leaving no space in between. 

A fifth state of matter, a gaseous superfluid called a Bose-Einstein condensate, is created and named after Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein. 

Other States of Matter Research and prepare an oral report about one of the following topics plasma, superfluids, fermionic condensate, or Bose-Einstein condensate. Share your report with your classmates and prepare a visual aid that can be used to explain your topic. 

Classically, there are three distinct states of matter gas, liquid, and solid. (The newer two, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensates, are not applicable to our discussion so we omit them.) In the previous section we noted how as temperature increases it is thermodynamically favorable for transitions to occur from a more ordered form to a less ordered one. The atoms or molecules that make up a gas are randomly arranged (E and S are high) and widely separated. A gas will fill all the available space inside a container. The atoms or molecules that make up a liquid are also randomly arranged, but they are closer together than those in a gas and they move relative to one another. The characteristic of a liquid is that it will fill a container... 

The increasing research on laser cooling of atoms and molecules and many experiments with Bose-Einstein condensates have brought about some remarkable results and have considerably increased our knowledge about the interaction of light with matter on a microscopic scale and the interatomic interactions at very low temperatures. Also the realization of coherent matter waves (atom lasers) and investigations of interference effects between matter waves have proved fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics. 

At very low pressures and temperatures close to 0 K, a fourth state of matter has been discovered. This is the Bose-Einstein condensate. Eric A. Cornell obtained the Nobel prize in 2001 for his work on the Bose-Einstein condensate and fourth state of matter. The critical point of the pure substance can be seen in Figure 2.1. Beyond this point, the liquid and gas are indistinguishable from each other and exist as a fluid. Are there similar critical points at the end of the fusion curve and sublimation curves The PVT and other phenomena at very low pressures and temperatures are subjects of exploratory research. The critical point may also be viewed as the highest pressure and temperature at which a pure chemical species is observed to exist in vapor/liquid equilibrium [2]. The vertical line in Figure 2.1 is an isotherm, and a horizontal line in Figure 2.1 is an isobar. The solid lines in Figure 2.1 indicate a... 

The cooling of atoms to ultracold temperatures has resulted in spectacular discoveries. The realization and study of new states of matter like Bose Einstein Condensates/ degenerate Fermi gases and (Bardeen,... 

In sufficiently cold and dense atomic samples, where the thermal de Broglie wavelength becomes comparable to the mean separation between the atoms, so-called Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) can occur. In this case the atomic matter waves overlap and the indistinguishability of atoms becomes... 

M. Greiner, O. Mandel, T.W. Hansch.and I. Bloch Collapse and revival of the matter wave fleld of a Bose—Einstein condensate. Nature 419, 51 (2002)... 

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