Wave overlap

The frequency range of short radio waves overlaps with that of long wave microwaves — from about 1 m to about 100 pm. Microwaves are of high technical importance. They cover the radar frequencies and the frequencies at which cellular (mobile) telephones work. Their impacts on food colorants, foods, and biological materials are similar to those of radio waves but the warming effect is more distinct. If microwave use is limited to the topics discussed in this book, no precautions are necessary. 

V. Often, if two waves overlap, by careful choice of a complexing agent, the and hence the Em value of one component can be changed by up to a volt or more. For example, in a potassium chloride... 

Figure 2.13 A schematic representation of the EXAFS process. An atom (filled circle) absorbs X-rays, emitting a photoelectron wave which is back-scattered by neighbouring atoms (hatched circles). The solid circles denote outgoing electron waves and the broken circles back-scattered electron waves. Constructive or destructive interference can occur when the waves overlap.

It must be pointed out that this formula holds true even when the waves come from independent sources, as shown either by photonic interference with independent sources, or by fourth-order interference. As known, fourth-order interference is observed with incoherent wave overlapping resulting from independent sources. Under these conditions the probability distribution for the detection of singularities, in a long run of similar procedures, is given by the guiding principle... 

Fig. 1J Illustrating the interference of two waves, spreading from different centres. Light and dark rings represent the crests and troughs of each wave. Regions of constructive Interference (where crests of each wave ooincfde) and of destmctive interference (where crests of one wave overlap with troughs of the other) can be seen.

In order to understand it let us consider the interference of waves. Now if the crest of one wave overlaps with the crest of the other, the two waves interact in a constructive interference and therefore the new resulting wave is reinforced, i.e. add up. In other words, there is in phase overlap or addition overlap. In the similar way, addition overlap of atomic orbitals with same signs leads to the formation of bonding molecular orbital. 

Interferometer A device used to make precise measurements of wavelengths of light by utilising the phenomenon of interference of light waves, i.e., the effect that occurs when two or more light waves overlap or intersect. 

Beyond predicting what types of bonds are present in a molecule, however, the Lewis structure tells us fairly little about the details of a chemical bond. To understand just how electrons are shared, we must reahze that electrons behave as waves and that when waves overlap, they interfere with each other. When the waves buildup they are said to interfere constructively and the chemical implication is the formation of a chemical bond. Overlap can be achieved in more than one way, so that we can distinguish types of bonds as either sigma or pi bonds. 

General Remarks. Polarization of Rh electrodes at Ep between 0.70 and 1.40 V, RHE, with an interval of 0.05 V, for tp up to 10 000 s leads to formation of monolayer oxide films (Figures 1 and 2). The oxide-formation CV profiles reveal one peak and a wide wave overlapping each other in the 0.55 and 1.40 V, RHE, range. 

In covalent bonding, electrons are shared between atoms. A useful approximation in estimating the solution to the Schrodinger equation for molecular species is the assumption that the molecular orbitals (MOs) are some combination of the atomic orbitals (AOs) of the atoms involved. Where the atomic orbitals, Le. the electron waves, overlap between atoms with constructive interference, the build-up of... 

In sufficiently cold and dense atomic samples, where the thermal de Broglie wavelength becomes comparable to the mean separation between the atoms, so-called Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) can occur. In this case the atomic matter waves overlap and the indistinguishability of atoms becomes... 

In a collection of atoms containing many electrons, the scattered radiation collected at a distant point P shown in Figure 3 (drawn after Ref. 6) will depend upon the phase relationship among the waves scattered from each atom. A large intensity will be measured at P provided that there is constructive interference among the scattraed waves emitted by the atoms. On the other hand, if crests from some scattered waves overlap... 

Draw a picture similar to Figure 1-4 of two waves overlapping such that their ampUtudes cancel each other. 

In Phase The condition when the crest of two waves overlap. 

These patterns are two-dimensional cross-sections of a much more complicated three-dimensional wave. The wave pattern in (a), a standing wave, is an acceptable representation. It has an integral number of wavelengths (five) about the nucleus successive waves reinforce one another. The pattern in (b) is unacceptable. The number of wavelengths Is non integral, and successive waves tend to cancel each other that is, the crest in one part of the wave overlaps a trough in another part of the wave, and there is no resultant wave at all. 

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