Atomic matter

This includes all of the atoms in your own body and in all other living things, which have also been permanent residents of the Earth through the eons. This means that the Earth is an essentially closed system with respect to atomic matter, and is therefore governed by the law of conservation of mass. This law dictates that all of the Earth s molecules must be made of the same aggregation of atoms even though molecular forms may vary, evolve, and be transported within and around the planetary system. Pollution, therefore, is a human-induced change in the distribution of atoms from one place on Earth to another. 

Keogh, L. A. (1991). Student conceptions of atomic matter A phenomenographic study. Unpublished Honours thesis. Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Australia. 

So here comes humankind shouting to the winds that atomic matter, cradle of all that is visible and tangible, comprises only one to four percent of the substance of the Universe. And all that concerns the notion of matter concerns reality itself. 

Atomic matter is the blossoming of all matter, making up for its weakness in numbers by its force of expression. For humankind, it is the sensorial manifestation of the Universe, its crowning eloquence. Indeed, it stands out by its expression in light, in stark contrast to dark matter which is totally indifferent to electromagnetic radiation, neither absorbing nor emitting it, in this respect a featureless entity. 

We must resign ourselves. The simple Greek idea that matter can be reduced to a handful of atoms must be amended. The greater part of the universal substrate is invisible, because it does not radiate. The invisible state of matter exceeds, both in volume and mass, the manifest state, which is luminous and legible. Atomic matter made from protons and neutrons comprises only a tiny fraction of all matter, perhaps something like 2% to 5%. The world is insidiously dominated by what is invisible, shifting and impalpable. 

Star, driving force behind the chemical evolution of the galaxies, mother of atoms and of all life, gentle or explosive, let us seek to become better acquainted. Eor it is one thing to observe and record the state of atomic matter in the Universe, and quite another to explain it. It is to this Herculean task that nuclear astrophysics dedicates it best troops. And the starting-point for each sally is the Sun, our personal reference. 

However, according to the latest estimates, the fraction of our Galaxy s dark halo that could be explained by baryonic matter (low-luminosity stars and non-luminous compact, massive objects) cannot exceed 20%. These estimates are based on the effect such objects would have on the hght from stars in the Magellanic Clouds. It is concluded that the halo of our Galaxy, and probably that of other spirals of this type, is not principally made up of ordinary, atomic matter. 

Primordial nucleosynthesis really puts the Big Bang cosmology to the test. One might call it a baptism of fire. From these brief but brilliant and fertile beginnings arose a series of light nuclei that are today found everywhere in nature above all hydrogen, followed by helium, which between them amount to 98% of the total mass of atomic matter in the Universe. 

Mass Number sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom Matter the material that comprises the universe, anything that has mass and occupies space... 

The four different periodic tables account for the observed elemental diversity and provide compelling evidence that the properties of atomic matter are intimately related to the local properties of space-time, conditioned by the golden parameter r = l/. The appearance of r in the geometrical description of the very small (atomic nuclei) and the very large (spiral galaxies) emphasizes its universal importance and implies the symmetry relationship of self-similarity between all states of matter. This property is vividly illustrated by the formulation of r as a continued fraction ... 

After the necessary excursion into astronomy, enough evidence now exists to repeat that chemistry occupies a central position in a self-similar chain between sub-atomic matter and super-galactic structures. By virtue of this unique position in the natural sciences chemical theory should represent the link between physics, biology and the earth sciences. However, compared to the fundamental theories of physics, chemistry has no credible independent theory of its own. 

As integers always appear in Nature associated with periodic systems, with waves as the most familiar example, it is almost axiomatic that atomic matter should be described by the mechanics of wave motion. Each of the mechanical variables, energy, momentum and angular momentum, is linked to a wave variable by Planck s constant E = hu = h/r, p = h/X = hi), L = h/27r. A wave-mechanical formulation of any mechanical problem which can be modelled classically, can therefore be derived by substituting wave equivalents for dynamic variables. The resulting general equation for matter waves was first obtained by Erwin Schrodinger. 

The principle that governs the periodic properties of atomic matter is the composition of atoms, made up of integral numbers of discrete sub-atomic units - protons, neutrons and electrons. Each nuclide is an atom with a unique ratio of protonsmeutrons, which defines a rational fraction. The numerical function that arranges rational fractions in enumerable order is known as a Farey sequence. A simple unimodular Farey sequence is obtained by arranging the fractions (n/n+1) as a function of n. The set of /c-modular sequences ... 

Quantum theory was developed primarily to find an explanation for the stability of atomic matter, specifically the planetary model of the hydrogen atom. In the Schrodinger formulation the correct equation was obtained by recognizing the wave-like properties of an electron. The first derivation by Schrodinger [30] was done by analogy with the relationship that was known to exist between wave optics and geometrical optics in the limit where the index of refraction, n does not change appreciably over distances of order A. This condition leads to the eikonal equation (T3.15)... 

S. Inouye et al., Phase-Coherent Amphfication of Atomic Matter Waves, Nature 402, 641-644 (1999). 

This ultimate stock we have devised to name Procreant atoms, matter, seeds of things,... 

A transparent Universe. After 300,000 yr temperatures dropped to 4,500 K and gave rise to the formation of atomic matter, and atoms of hydrogen, helium, and deuterium were formed. Because electrons were removed from the plasma through the formation of atoms, radiation streamed out and the Universe became transparent. Initially the Universe contained abundant ultraviolet-and X-rays, now cooled down to microwave wavelengths. This is what is recorded as the Cosmic Background radiation. 

Matthias Freybvurger, Alois M. Herjkommer, Daniel S. Km, Erwin Mayr, and Wolfgang P. Schleich Atom Waveguides, Victor I. Balykin Atomic Matter Wave Amplification by Optical Pumping, UlfJanicke and Martin Wilkens... 

Astronomical observations of star movements support the existence of black holes. For example, from movements of stars close to our galactic center, it is believed that a black hole is located at SgrA in the center of the Milky Way, with a mass > 3 x 10 Mq. The radius of such a hole would be of the same size as that of our sun. The density of matter in the hole would be several million times the density of our sun (average value for the sun is about 1400 kg/m ). Obviously matter cannot be in the same atomic state (i.e. nuclei surrounded by electrons) as we know on earth. Instead we must assume that the electron shells are partly crushed we refer to this as degenerate matter, because the electron quantum rules. Tables 11.1 -11.2, cannot be upheld. For completely crushed atoms, matter will mainly consist of compact nuclei. For example, for calcium the nuclear density is -2.5x10 7 kg/m (cf. Fig. 3.4). 

The main building blocks of the proposed new model are the relationship between geometry, numbers and space the theory of relativity and the periodicity of atomic matter. Taken together, these considerations indicate a cosmic symmetry that defines a harmonious holistic system that embraces all objects from the subatomic to extragalactic scales. The common geometrical factor is the ubiquitous golden parameter, r = 0.61803... 

As discrete numbers of nucleons are involved in the constitution of nuclides the periodicity of atomic matter is readily simulated in terms of the elementary number theory of rational fractions, Farey sequences and Ford circles. 

The first indication that the periodicity of atomic matter depends on the proton neutron ratio was discovered by William Harkins, a decade before the discovery of the neutron. He found that the ratio A — Z)/A never exceeds 0.62 for any stable nuclide. More precisely, it can be shown that the neutron... 

Analysis of the periodicity of atomic matter therefore guides us to a projective model of a closed imiverse in the double cover of four-dimensional projective space-time. Transport across the interface, or along the involution, results in the inversion of CPT symmetry. 

A conspicuous prediction of SSCM is the galactic analogue of a proton, identified as a black hole of mass 0.145M and Schwarzschild radius of 20 cm. Whereas 90% of atomic matter occurs as protons, the same percentage of black-hole analogues must represent all of the dark matter predicted by astrophysicists. 

The range of events between the formation of atoms and their eventual disappearance through black holes follow a self-similar pattern that conforms to the curvature of space-time. The periodicity of atomic matter depends on the same number theory that shapes the mutual arrangement of planets, moons, rings, comets and asteroids in a solar system. By a mechanism, to be explored, solar systems are distributed along galactic spiral arms in a pattern like that which prevails in solar systems and atoms. 

The involution that occurs in projective geometry defines conjugate regions with time inversion and conjugate forms of matter. The function that describes the observed periodicity of atomic matter is of the same projective form and varies with local space-time curvature. This variation shows that spectroscopic analysis of light waves, stretched between sites of different curvature, must be frequency shifted, as observed. 

The subsequent discovery (Boeyens, 2003) of the grand periodicity of atomic matter put these speculations into sufficient perspective to allow definite conclusions about the projective topology of space-time and the universe. In the final analysis, all conclusions reached in this work can be reduced to the gauge principle, as summarized in Appendix B. Some readers may like to set the scene by reading this appendix before the main text. 

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