Exotic state

Equations of state involving only nucleonic matter are consistent with all available data. Some hints of evidence for very compact stars have been proposed (Li et al. 1999), which could indicate strange matter, but these are very model-dependent at the present. Even so, exotic states such as quark matter or strange matter are not excluded. 

The commonly accepted pulsar model is a neutron star of about one solar mass and a radius of the order of ten kilometers. A neutron star consists of a crust, which is about 1 km thick, and a high-density core. In the crust free neutrons and electrons coexist with a lattice of nuclei. The star s core consists mainly of neutrons and a few percents of protons and electrons. The central part of the core may contain some exotic states of matter, such as quark matter or a pion condensate. Inner parts of a neutron star cool up to temperatures 108iT in a few days after the star is formed. These temperatures are less than the critical temperatures Tc for the superfluid phase transitions of neutrons and protons. Thus, the neutrons in the star s crust and the core from a superfluid, while the protons in the core form a superconductor. The rotation of a neutron superfluid is achieved by means of an array of quantized vortices, each carrying a quantum of vorticity... 

The influence of the appearance of such exotic states like quarks in stellar matter is topic of the study of quasi-stationary simulations of the evolution of isolated compact stars [15, 12, 7, 23] and accreting systems, where one companion is a superdense compact object [9,27], In this work we investigate the observability of the hadron-quark deconfinement phase transition in the dynamical evolution of a neutron star merger. 

Especially in the highly excited semiclassical regime the quantum properties and dynamics of atomic and molecular systems are most naturally discussed within the framework of chaos. Not only does chaos theory help to characterize spectra and wave functions, it also makes specific predictions about the existence of new quantum dynamical regimes and hitherto unknown exotic states. Examples are the discovery of frozen planet states in the helium atom by Richter and Wintgen (1990a) and... 

Beginning less than 10 years ago, the independent-particle model for atoms was challenged, first for a specific set of rather exotic states of helium and, more recently, for the ground and ordinary excited states of the alkaline earth atoms Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. Evidence has been building that the quantization in these two-electron and quasi-two-electron atoms corresponds to collective, moleculelike behavior, rather than to independent-particle-like behavior. 

Rubidium gas has become important in the study of an exotic state of matter called a Bose-Einstein condensate. This state, first predicted in 1924 by Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, was not observed until 1995. Many laboratories now produce these cooled clouds of atoms, mostly using gases of alkali elements, which have appropriate spin and magnetic properties. 

Wines may be imported for reasons at either of two extremes because they are relatively inexpensive, or because they are in high demand, and thus command a higher price. Those exported from the United States tend to be the former, and those imported, the latter, based on the data shown in Table 5. There is some market, even in countries that are overproducing wine, for wines with exotic labels. This tendency illustrates another way in which wines differ from other products. Information on and cuisine from foreign countries associated with their wines serve as the vehicles for a form of a cultural exchange, besides the stricdy commercial one. 

However, the various national standards organizations, power boiler manufacturers associations and research institutes (such as the Electric Power Research Institute in the United States) do offer guidelines and recommendations for good waterside control and the avoidance (or at least the minimization) of the more exotic forms of waterside damage. 

The program can solve both steady-state problems as well as time-dependent problems, and has provisions for both linear and nonlinear problems. The boundary conditions and material properties can vary with time, temperature, and position. The property variation with position can be a straight line function or or a series of connected straight line functions. User-written Fortran subroutines can be used to implement more exotic changes of boundary conditions, material properties, or to model control systems. The program has been implemented on MS DOS microcomputers, VAX computers, and CRAY supercomputers. The present work used the MS DOS microcomputer implementation. 

There are some exotic chemical names here, but they should not distract you from the basic principles of reaction stoichiometry. The stoichiometric coefficients state that one mole of each reactant will produce one mole of each product. A flowchart summarizes the steps used to convert the mass of geraniol into the mass of geranyl formate. 

Hydrilla vertlcillata (Royle), a rooted, submersed perennial exotic aquatic plant was introduced into Florida about 1959. Subsequently this plant has been spread to a number of areas of the United States. 

The electrides. Following many experimental difficulties, Dye and coworkers were able to demonstrate that reaction of 18-crown-6 with caesium in a 1 2 ratio (under specified conditions) leads to isolation of shiny, black crystals of a product of composition Cs+(18-crown-6)2 (El-laboudy, Dye Smith, 1983 Dye Ellaboudy, 1984). The solid-state 133Cs nmr spectrum, the esr spectrum, and the magnetic susceptibility of this product all indicated that it was of type Cs+(l8-crown-6).e" that is, a crystalline electride in which the anion is a single electron. In overall terms, this exotic class of compound may be considered to lie on the border between metals and non-metals. 

Neutron stars (NSs) are perhaps the most interesting astronomical objects from the physical point of view. They are associated with a variety of extreme phenomena and matter states for example, magnetic fields beyond the QED vacuum pair-creation limit, supranuclear densities, superfluidity, superconductivity, exotic condensates and deconfined quark matter, etc. 

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